1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 286 The second question! The spectrum split again? Zeeman effect and GKY effect!

With his wild imagination, Li Qiwei proposed the concept of quantization of orbital shape and represented it with l.

For the second and higher order orbitals of an atom, the shape of the orbitals is no longer limited to being circular, but can become elliptical.

The higher the order of the orbit, the more types of elliptical shapes it has.

In this way, the phenomenon of the spectrum splitting into two spectral lines in the Balmer system can be perfectly explained.

Moreover, this not only did not negate the Bohr model, but instead strengthened the theoretical correctness of the model.

At this moment, quantum theory truly began to show its charm.

However, just when everyone, even the big guys, were amazed by Li Qiwei's explanation.

Someone actually raised doubts.

This is so exciting.

Everyone looked at the person who was speaking.

It turns out that the other party is Professor Lorenz!
Another Nobel Prize winner in physics!
boom!
"Oh my God, today's meeting will probably go down in history as to how exciting it was."

"Professor Bruce just dealt with a Nobel Prize winner, and now another one comes to mess things up."

"When did the Nobel Prize become so worthless?"

"This is a true one-man showdown with the physics community."

"Damn it, if it were me, I would be willing to die tomorrow."

“This is a real man!”

Everyone's emotions were completely ignited by Lorenz's words.

The sound in the conference hall seemed to shatter the sky.

That's the benefit of a title.

Li Qiwei has had debates with scholars before, such as at the first quantum theory conference.

But at that time, the Nobel Prize had not yet appeared.

Ordinary people, even ordinary physics students, have no idea of ​​the strength of the physics masters.

I don’t know who is stronger and who is weaker.

However, now that we have the Nobel Prize, it is like there is a theory for physical phenomena.

Everything is clear now.

Those who have not won the Nobel Prize are not necessarily losers, but those who have won the Nobel Prize are definitely awesome bigwigs.

Now, Li Qiwei has crushed the Nobel Prize winner Michelson with his extraordinary strength.

Help Bohr solve his urgent problem.

However, another Nobel Prize winner, Lorenz, stepped forward.

At this moment, the venue gradually became quiet.

Everyone held their breath, waiting for the big boss to speak.

They even hoped in their hearts, would someone be able to stump Professor Bruce today?
Lorenz looked at Li Qiwei and said with a smile: "Bruce, I have to say that your theory is very brilliant."

"There was an interesting constant in your derivation process just now, but I don't know why you didn't mention it further."

Everyone was stunned and didn't understand what Lorenz was talking about.

Of course, Li Qiwei knew what the other party meant. He laughed and said, "Professor Lorenz, I wanted to say that, but you interrupted me."

"It's okay. I'll talk about that thing in detail after I answer your question."

Everyone present was confused by the puzzling conversation between the two.

Once again I experienced what it was like to be an African gorilla.

Even Bohr, Michelson and others were confused.

They watched the entire derivation process and didn't find anything special.

Lorenz smiled and said nothing.

Before, Lorenz always faced the public as a professional host.

However, when he returned to his original identity, everyone remembered that he was actually a super physics expert.

The strength cannot be underestimated.

At this moment, Lorenz finally stopped concealing his aura, and the powerful aura of a Nobel Prize winner burst out.

Everyone saw his sharp eyes, shining with brilliance.

I saw him slowly walk up to the podium, ready to ask his questions.

After signaling to Michelson, the other party walked off the stage with a smile, and did not forget to say jokingly:

"Professor Lorenz, I hope you can create some difficulties for Bruce."

"Today, we, the hundreds of people present, will fight against their master and apprentice."

"If we lose, Bruce will be so happy."

"I guess you'll make fun of us old guys when we meet in the future."

Lorenz and the people in the audience burst into laughter.

Even Li Qiwei couldn't help laughing and touched his nose awkwardly.

Professor Michelson is indeed humorous.

However, let's change our mind and realize that there is nothing wrong with what the other party said.

It wasn't even the master and his apprentice, but Bruce alone, challenging all of them.

The most important thing is that Bruce won the first round.

It was so terrifying.

At this moment, Li Qiwei smiled and said, "I don't think I need to introduce myself, so let's welcome Professor Lorenz to ask questions."

Snapped!
Applause suddenly broke out in the venue.

Lorenz carries their hopes.

The tone of this meeting was completely changed because of Michelson's joke.

The big guys are thinking about how to verify quantum theory, while everyone else is trying to refute Ridgway.

Bohr next to him was not depressed at all, but full of energy.

Because he was not depressed, he was not strong enough.

Being in such close contact with his mentor's extraordinary charm made Bohr dazzled and his heart was filled with excitement.

This is the style of a physics master.

Soon, the venue gradually became quiet.

Lorenz projected his data onto the wall.

Obviously, he came prepared and had prepared the data in advance.

"I know that many of the participants in today's meeting are still students."

"So, like Professor Michelson, I also prepared some information in advance."

"This way, it will be easier for everyone to understand what my problem is."

"Professor Michelson just gave a very good demonstration."

"His questions, if you don't have the accompanying diagrams and just think about them with your head, would be very abstract."

“I have always believed that asking questions is as important as doing research.”

“A good question should not only be understandable to yourself, but also understandable to others.”

“Only when you express a problem clearly can you truly understand it.”

"Otherwise, you may not even understand the essence of what you want to ask."

While showing the data, Lorenz talked about his research insights.

Far from finding the lecture boring or dogmatic, the people present listened with great interest.

Ordinary students will never come into contact with academic giants like Lorenz in their lifetime.

Now, there is a chance to listen to each other's experience, which is a good thing that money can't buy.

The experience of the big guys must be the result of their experience of countless lessons.

For newcomers, it is a priceless treasure that can help them avoid many detours.

"Look, everyone. This is the result that won Zeeman and I the second Nobel Prize."

“That is, the study of the Zeeman effect.”

"The so-called Zeeman effect refers to the fact that when an atom's spectrum is exposed to a strong magnetic field, the spectrum will split into three lines."

"This split is different from the split in the Balmer lineage that Professor Michelson just mentioned."

"The spectral lines split by the Zeeman effect have large differences between them and are easy to find in the spectrum." "As shown in the picture, this is the Zeeman effect of the hydrogen atom spectrum I recently made."

"It can be seen that the original spectrum line is immediately split into three when the hydrogen atoms are placed in a strong magnetic field."

"In addition, I have also prepared data on the GKY effect, which is similar to the Zeeman effect."

“As you all know, the most important paper recently was probably published by Bruce’s three doctoral students.”

"They found that if you put the atomic spectrum in a strong electric field, the same phenomenon as the Zeeman effect occurs."

"The atomic spectrum will also split into three."

"This effect is called the GKY effect."

"As shown in the picture, this is the result of my experiment repeated using hydrogen atoms. You can clearly see the splitting of the spectrum lines."

"I put them together because neither of them can be explained by the Bohr model."

"I wanted to be the first to ask a question, but Professor Michelson got ahead of me."

“When Bruce proposed the quantization of orbital shapes, I was extremely surprised at first.”

"Because this may also explain the Zeeman effect and the GKY effect."

“But as I continued to think about it more, I realized, no.”

"Even if the Bohr model adds another quantum number, it still cannot explain these two effects."

"Because the energy difference between circular orbits and elliptical orbits is very small, different transitions of electrons will not produce electromagnetic waves with greatly different wavelengths."

"Most importantly, the spectrum splits into three, not two."

“That’s my problem.”

boom!
As soon as Lorenz finished speaking, everyone in the conference hall gasped.

Although the other party's tone was bland, his explanation was very clear and organized.

So even ordinary students can understand Lorentz's problem.

Then I was shocked.

“Oh my God, is this the strength of a Nobel Prize winner?”

"Professor Bruce's theory is so perfect, but I didn't expect it to have loopholes."

"This Zeeman effect and GKY effect are so awesome, how come I don't know about them?"

"It's terrible, really terrible. I wonder if Professor Bruce can explain it this time?"

Gregory and Chris in the audience seemed very excited.

“Look, that’s our paper.”

Neither of them had ever imagined that their theories would one day be presented at such a high-profile conference.

He also challenged his mentor, the great Professor Bruce.

The two of them were trembling all over, their blood boiling.

After this, their names will spread throughout the physics community.

Yu Yin sat there quietly, thinking about how to explain this problem.

Bohr on the stage did not show much surprise after hearing Lorentz's question.

Because before the meeting, he knew that his model could not explain this problem.

However, Li Qiwei's answer gave him hope.

Now it seems that hope has been dashed again.

He was so absorbed in what he was listening to that he didn't consider whether the orbital shape quantum numbers could explain the Zeeman effect.

Now that I have calmed down and thought about it, I really cannot explain it.

As for many ordinary students present, the Zeeman effect has been proposed for more than ten years.

However, it is not easy to immediately associate it with the Bohr model.

Don’t underestimate Bohr, Qian Wushi and others, they all talked about the most cutting-edge physics topics.

That’s because they have a good mentor and their own resources are unmatched by ordinary people.

They have reached the very top of physics, belonging to a very small group.

For ordinary students, the achievements of those Nobel Prize winners are actually very far away from them.

Maybe they have only heard the name, but don't understand it if you go deeper.

Many bigwigs in the front row, including Michelson, Planck and others, frowned slightly again.

At today's meeting, these legendary Nobel Prize winners could only frown.

The second question is that they still don’t know how to explain
At this time, a brave student in the crowd suddenly said: "I know the answer to this question. Let's add a quantum number to the Bohr model."

boom!
A huge laugh suddenly broke out in the meeting hall.

"Which clever kid is this? Let me see what quantum number you are going to find."

"The size, number, and shape of the orbitals are already quantized, so how can there be parameters that can be quantized?"

"To be honest, there is nothing wrong with his thinking."

Yes, even the big guys present thought of adding another quantum number at the first moment.

But the problem is coming.

What to add?

I feel like there's nowhere else to add.

Could it be the speed of electrons?

That's even more ridiculous, how can the speed be quantum?

Bohr looked at Lorentz's question and rubbed his chin with his hand.

Now he was no longer in a hurry. With Professor Bruce leading the way, he could think calmly.

"Since the spectrum has split again, it means there must be another quantum number."

"And the number of splittings of the spectrum line is 3, which means that this quantum number is different from the orbital shape quantum number."

“The range of values ​​is greater, so there are more tracks to choose from.”

"But what could it be?"

Bohr fell into thought again.

Today's meeting was nothing less than a transformation for him.

It turns out that the top physics conference is so exciting.

If your IQ is a little lower, you won’t even be qualified to think.

He now glanced downward.

The eyes of most people are filled with clear stupidity.

aba aba
At this moment, everyone in the venue once again focused their attention on Li Qiwei.

Everyone believed that only he could give the answer.

Lorentz, Bohr, the big guys in the front row, the middle guys in the middle, and everyone else in the venue.

At this moment, everyone held their breath and waited eagerly.

"Bruce, can you create a miracle again?"

Li Qiwei did not look at the crowd, but quietly watched Lorentz demonstrate the Zeeman effect and GKY effect.

Just watch quietly.

Not a word.

One minute
Two minutes.
three minutes.
Still no one spoke up to interrupt.

A full five minutes passed.

suddenly.

Li Qiwei turned around and grinned at everyone in the audience.

boom!
At this moment, even a fool would know what was going on.

The crowd went completely wild.

Everyone couldn't believe it.

In such a short time, Professor Bruce found a solution.

"Oh my God, today's meeting is not so much for Bohr as it is for Professor Bruce."

"There's no other way. Bruce's strength doesn't allow him to keep a low profile."

Wilson curled his lips: Bruce is playing tricks on me again.

(End of this chapter)