1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 287 God strikes again! The orbital direction is quantized!

Chapter 287 God strikes again! The orbital direction is quantized! (Day 8, Day 9, please subscribe!)

Lorenz was clearly well prepared.

The Zeeman effect and the GKY effect are very important phenomena in spectroscopy.

Without solving these two effects, the Bohr model could never claim to have ended spectroscopy.

The quantization of the orbital number explains the four discrete spectral lines of the Balmer series.

The quantization of the orbital shape explains the fine structure of the Balmer series, which splits a single spectral line into two.

Now, everyone knows that one more quantum number is needed to explain the phenomenon of a single spectral line splitting into three.

But, what could it be?

No one present knew.

And Li Qiwei is their last hope.

Perhaps today they will witness how the Bohr model has grown from its immaturity when it was first published to a logically self-consistent top theory.

This is exactly in line with the theme of this conference: The Summit of Quantum.

Under everyone's gaze and rapid breathing, Li Qiwei finally spoke.

"It seems that everyone has the same idea as me."

"We do need to add another quantum number."

"But what to add?"

“Let’s think about it this way.”

"The interior of an atom is a very complex electromagnetic field environment."

"When the electrons themselves rotate around the nucleus, they generate magnetic moments."

"Everyone should know the magnetic moment, which is similar to the concept of torque in mechanics."

"So what happens when the magnetic moment generated by the electron is affected by the electromagnetic field?"

Wow!
Bohr suddenly realized.

Many bigwigs in the front row also relaxed their brows, and some even slapped their thighs excitedly.

Of course, most people are still confused.

Li Qiwei smiled and said, "It seems that many people have figured it out."

"That's right. The magnetic moment and the electromagnetic field interact to deflect the direction of the electron orbit."

"The electron's orbit was flat before, but now that it has been deflected, it has an angle with the original orbit, forming a new orbit."

"The energy level of this new orbit after deflection is also different from the original one."

"So there are more options for electron transitions."

“Imagine a three-dimensional coordinate system.”

"The original elliptical orbit is in the XY plane."

"Now that the direction of the track has changed, it may become parallel to the XZ plane, or parallel to the YZ plane."

"In this way, there are three different energy level differences, so three different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves are emitted."

"This can explain the phenomenon of the spectrum line splitting into three."

"Of course, according to experimental results, the splitting of the spectral lines is not infinite."

"This means that the number of directions that the electron can choose is not infinite."

"So, the orbital orientation of electrons is also quantized."

"The Zeeman effect and the GKY effect are the best proof of directional quantization."

"So I think the third quantum number is the orbital direction quantum number."

"Because it is related to the magnetic moment of the electron."

“I’ll just use [m] to represent it.”

"Of course, the value of m is not arbitrary."

"It has something to do with l."

"m can be an integer between [-l and l]."

“比如，当n=2时，l=0、1，m=-1、0、1。”

"It means that the second orbit of the electron has a new elliptical orbit (l=1) and two new orbital directions (m=-1, 1)."

“当n=3时，l=0、1、2，m=-2、-1、0、1、2。”

“它表示，电子的第三轨道，新增两个椭圆轨道（l=1、2），新增四个轨道方向（m=-2、-1、1、2）。”

"I have been thinking about the mathematical proof just now, but the amount of calculation required is too large, so I will not demonstrate it on the spot."

"Later, I will ask Bohr to organize the results and publish them in the form of a paper for everyone to review."

"But I am still very confident that I will not make any mistakes."

"That's my explanation."

boom!
The venue fell into deathly silence.

Ridgway explained Lorentz's problem clearly based on logic without using any formulas or diagrams.

Everyone present was impressed.

He spoke so simply and clearly that even the guy studying chemistry next to him understood him.

"Damn, that's awesome!"

Everyone was immersed in their imagination about the direction of the electron's orbit.

This time, Li Qiwei directly upgraded the original two-dimensional Bohr model to three dimensions.

It makes people confused.

The previous Bohr model was a flat atomic structure.

Now, however, it has become a three-dimensional spherical shell structure.

Each orbit is a spherical shell.

For example, in the first orbit, when n=1, l=0, m=0, the electron orbit is a circle, and the orbit has no direction.

Therefore, we can figuratively think that the circular electron orbit rotates around its diameter once and becomes a spherical shell.

Electrons move on the surface of the spherical shell.

When n=2, l=0, m=0, the second orbit also has a spherical shell similar to the first orbit.

But when l=1, m=-1, 1, the orbit becomes an ellipse, and its rotation around the major axis becomes a rugby-shaped shell.

And because there are two more directions, it is equivalent to changing the football that was originally upright facing the sky into one that is placed horizontally or vertically on the ground (both parallel to the ground).

Therefore, the shell of the second orbit contains four types of orbits: spherical shell orbit and three football orbits.

[The spherical shell orbit is what later generations called the s orbit, and the rugby ball orbit is the p orbit. ]

[Note that at this time, the probability explanation had not yet been proposed, and the concept of electron cloud did not exist, so the shapes of s, p, and d orbitals could not be rigidly applied.]

【It shows how crude our learning was at that time. 】

Bohr's model became more complete because of Ridgway's additions.

At the same time, the problem is that people with poor sense of geometric space find it difficult to imagine the complexity of three-dimensional orbits.

At this moment, most people present felt this way.

They can only imagine a few simple situations; if they are more complicated, their brain CPU will be overloaded.

"Oh my God, is this really a theory that a human could imagine?"

"Professor Bruce, you are my God."

"I actually understood Professor Bruce's explanation. I feel so powerful now."

"Don't talk. I'm already thinking about the fourth quantum number."

"."

At this moment, the venue was completely boiling.

Everyone was talking about it.

Now the Bohr model finally showed its terribleness.

The return of the three major orbital quantum numbers directly put an end to spectroscopy.

Any phenomenon can be explained by it.

It can't even be called the Bohr model now, but rather the Bohr-Lee atomic model.

With their extraordinary strength, the master and disciple pushed the atomic structure to its true peak.

Even the big guys in the front row are shocked.

Ridgway once again conquered everyone with his wild imagination. Planck said with emotion: "I never thought that a tiny atom could lead to so many subversive theories."

"We still know too little about the microscopic world."

Thomson next to him sighed: "Perhaps we can see an explosive breakthrough in our lifetime."

"Based on Bruce's current momentum, I think the possibility is still very high."

Then the two of them smiled at each other, causing envy from the people around them again.

However, there is indeed nothing wrong with what the two bosses said.

Based on Bruce's current condition, if he can maintain this state for another twenty years.

It is hard to say how far physics will develop.

Michelson quipped: "If I had known, I wouldn't have asked the question."

"I came here to mess things up today, but I didn't expect to make Bruce and Bohr famous instead."

"Your European physics has surpassed America again."

Everyone laughed and said, "Professor Michelson, you are wrong. Physics belongs to all mankind."

Everyone laughed.

Lorenz on the stage looked at Li Qiwei, feeling deeply moved.

He still clearly remembered what the other party said at the first Bruce Conference.

“Your electron theory can explain the Zeeman effect, but it is only a manifestation of a deeper theory.”

Lorenz couldn't help but smile bitterly, "Yeah."

"If you look at it from today's perspective, my theory of electrons is indeed very problematic."

“In some ways, it’s just wrong.”

"The Bohr model is the real theory to solve the Zeeman effect."

At this moment, even someone as strong as Lorenz began to doubt himself.

He was struck by Li Qiwei's talent and genius.

At this time, Li Qiwei noticed his abnormality, walked forward, and deliberately avoided the loudspeaker.

"Professor Lorenz, are you still thinking about what I said before?"

Lorenz saw Li Qiwei coming over and wanted to explain but didn't know how to start. The latter continued:
"The achievements of you older generation physicists will never be underestimated."

"No one in your time explained it better than you."

“Perhaps in the near future, today’s quantum theory will be overturned, and the Bohr model will even be reconstructed.”

"Who can tell for sure?"

“Physics is always in the process of development.”

"Just like we today shouldn't laugh at ancient alchemy."

Lorenz was deeply moved when he heard what Li Qiwei said.

He smiled and said, "Bruce, I feel much better after hearing what you said."

"I was worried that you would look down upon my electronic theory."

Li Qiwei teased, "Congratulations on getting the answer right, Professor Lorenz."

"Having improved on the Bohr model, I can't look down on anything now."

The two of them then burst into laughter.

Bohr, who was standing by, watched his mentor and Lorentz chatting and laughing, and felt extremely envious.

If the model he proposed is that of a child.

Then Professor Bruce has raised it to adulthood, turning it into a strong young man, full of energy and invulnerable.

At this moment, in Bohr's heart, Li Qiwei was no different from a god.

There is no physics problem in this world that a tutor cannot solve.

However, he did not bask in Li Qiwei's glory because it always belonged to others.

Bohr wants to rely on his own strength to become the strongest!
Li Qiwei looked at everyone in the venue with his deep eyes.

Now, his contribution to quantum theory even transcends history.

In real history, why is Einstein so much more famous than Bohr?

Because the theory of relativity was completed by Einstein alone.

Not to mention quantum mechanics, the development of quantum theory alone is already so difficult because too many people are involved.

Among them, Sommerfeld proposed the orbital shape quantum number and orbital direction quantum number in 1916.

That is why Bohr's status is lower.

After all, the gap between the collaborative completion theory and the independent completion theory is still obvious.

Although many big names were close to reaching the threshold of special relativity at that time, perhaps this does not reflect Einstein's strength.

However, if it were not for Einstein, no one would have proposed the theory of general relativity, even until the time of Ridgway.

Because it has nothing to do with the development of the times.

It is the pinnacle of pure theory, unrestricted by any experimental apparatus.

It makes no difference whether it is published fifty years earlier or fifty years later.

This is the key to Einstein's deification.

Without him, no one else would have published the theory of general relativity.

Li Qiwei was thinking about these things in his mind, and his thoughts had already flown away to who knows where.

The people in the audience were still immersed in the wonderful theory just now, and no one noticed his abnormality.

At this moment, everyone felt that today's meeting could be over.

There couldn't be any more problems.

Especially in spectroscopy, there are no phenomena that cannot be explained by the Bohr-Lee atomic model.

"I bet there won't be any more problems."

"No, I have a feeling that things are far from that simple."

"Look, there's a big guy in the front row. He has a smile on his face the whole time. I guess he's preparing for a big move."

"Oh, it's true. My God, I was worried that I would die suddenly from excitement today."

However, before the big shot in everyone's eyes could ask a question, Lorenz suddenly said:

"Bruce, before you answered my question, you said you wanted to explain an anomaly that occurred during the derivation of the quantum number for the orbital shape."

"Now, you can start."

"I think it's impossible to increase the quantum numbers of the atomic structure any further."

Li Qiwei smiled mysteriously, "That may not be the case."

Then, he set up the loudspeaker and said to the crowd: "I think the Bohr model should be fine after such improvements."

"Of course, all this is temporary."

“Physics is always moving forward.”

“Perhaps there will be a fourth quantum number in the future.”

Wow!
Li Qiwei's words surprised everyone.

Could there really be a fourth quantum number?
Most people believe it.

Because only when there is an opportunity can they soar into the sky.

If the theory is already perfect, then they can only follow others forever.

But those big guys didn't dare to believe it easily.