1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 285 God's move! The orbital shape is quantized! (Day 8, please subscribe!)

Faced with Michelson's sharp questions, Bohr finally chose to give up.

But it's not because he's not smart enough.

Because everyone present, even the physics gurus in the front row, were at a loss as to what to do.

The question Michelson raised was really too difficult.

However, even if everyone is powerless, there is still one last person left in the venue, and he carries all the hope.

He is the number one physicist today, Professor Bruce.

At this moment, everyone's eyes were focused on Li Qiwei.

Hold your breath and wait quietly.

Will there really be a miracle?
However, Li Qiwei's first sentence stunned everyone present.

“Why does it have to be round?”

Although his voice was very soft, it was clearly heard by everyone through the loudspeaker.

Most people look at each other, not knowing what the meaning of this sentence is.

"Circle? What circle?"

"Professor Bruce must have been thinking about the wrong question. There is something that is round, hehehe."

"The field is circular, and it seems that only the electron orbits drawn by Bohr are left."

"A circular orbit?"

At this moment, the people in the audience were talking about it.

Many people even looked towards the front row to see how the big guys would react.

They should be able to understand what's going on.

Planck, Lorentz, Thomson and others frowned at first, then seemed to be calculating, and finally they suddenly realized.

However, they are not sure.

But they had only one thought in their minds: Bruce was indeed worthy of the title of the greatest genius in physics.

The moment Bohr heard the word "circle", he seemed to have an epiphany.

His mind opened up instantly, and endless inspiration poured down from the highest point.

Bohr felt that his heart was leaping, cheering, and welcoming the greatest wisdom of mankind.

Michelson next to him stared blankly at the contents on the wall, his heart deeply shocked.

After three full minutes, Li Qiwei finally spoke.

He regained his former arrogance, waved his hand, and said loudly: "I have found a solution."

boom!
The momentum that erupted in the venue almost blew the roof off.

Everyone is excited!

Professor Bruce is indeed so terrifying!
"Oh my God, my blood is boiling and I'm automatically thinking of Professor Bruce."

"As expected, he is the man closest to God in the field of physics. He is so terrifying."

"What do you mean close to God? Professor Bruce is the God of Physics!"

boom!
At this moment, everyone was impressed by Li Qiwei's strength.

Bohr cannot;

Michelson can’t;
All the big guys present here can’t do that;

Neither do the recent rising stars of physics.

Not at all!

Only Professor Bruce can do it!
He is the only true God of physics!

At this moment, the atmosphere in the venue could no longer be suppressed and the noise became louder and louder.

Everyone yelled "Bruce!"

Li Qiwei was on the stage, looking at the almost worshipful cheers from the audience, and he felt very proud.

At this moment, he once again became the center of the meeting.

Everyone's eyes were filled with his figure.

Li Qiwei smiled slightly: I’m already cool enough, start showing off!
I saw him pressing the air with his right hand.

Wow!
The venue fell silent instantly.

This scene made Bohr's mouth dry.

It’s so fucking awesome!
"Okay, since this problem bothers everyone so much."

"Then I won't keep you in suspense. I'll finish my explanation in one breath."

"In the Bohr model, the orbit of the electron is a perfect circle."

"The quantum number of the number of orbitals, denoted by n."

"The value of n represents the number of orbits the electron has outside the nucleus."

"So it will form a series of concentric circles with the nucleus as the center."

“That’s the diagram Bohr drew.”

"Obviously, this cannot explain why two wavelengths of electromagnetic waves are generated when electrons jump from a specific high energy level to a specific low energy level."

"Although Bohr did not give an answer, his analysis was correct."

"That means the electrons must have undergone two transitions."

"And the energy difference between these two transitions is very small."

"Let's take the example of an electron jumping from the third energy level to the second energy level and emitting an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength of 656nm."

"Why did I ask: it has to be round?"

"Because if we abandon the inertia of thinking, we completely assume that the orbit of the electron does not have to be circular, it can be elliptical."

“Since the number of orbitals is quantized, why can’t the shape of the orbitals be quantized as well?”

“For now, I will call it the [orbital shape quantum number], and use the symbol [l] (lowercase L) to represent it.

boom!
As soon as Li Qiwei finished speaking, there was an uproar in the audience.

Everyone was stunned by his wild idea.

“Oh my God, can shapes also be quantized?”

"So the electron's orbit can be circular, elliptical, or even pentagram-shaped?"

"No, that's definitely not right. There must be some requirements for the shape here. Let's listen to Professor Bruce continue."

The big guys in the front row finally understood Li Qiwei's thoughts at this moment.

Then I was filled with admiration.

This idea is really bold.

But it makes sense.

It's obviously a very simple extension, but no one can think of it.

Because the circular motion is deeply rooted in everyone's mind, the orbit shape is circular.
Elliptical orbits are hard to see.

Bohr even gasped.

My heart was in turmoil.

"Yeah, why didn't I think of that."

"Ah, I thought I was very close to my mentor, but I didn't expect that I'm still far behind him."

"I want to postpone my doctoral graduation so that I can learn more from my supervisor."

Li Qiwei ignored everyone's shock and continued:

"Of course, some people may wonder, why can't the orbit be a triangle, but must be an ellipse?"

"Because it has to be an ellipse. I was just distracted and was actually calculating this problem."

Of course, this was all Ridgeway's nonsense; he was distracted because he was thinking about his wife and children.

"Okay, now that the electron's orbit can be elliptical, how does that help us explain Professor Michelson's question?"

At this moment, Li Qiwei began to calculate, and his calculation process was displayed in real time on the projected wall.

Everyone followed his explanation, listening and watching the demonstration.

"If the electron moves around the nucleus in an elliptical orbit, its speed will be different from that in a circular orbit."

"And if you take into account the relativistic effects of electrons."

"Then the electron in the elliptical orbit will have a greater mass because of its greater speed."

“Let’s take the third track as an example.”

"The circular third orbit and the elliptical third orbit have different shapes, so the energies are different."

"But according to calculations, the difference between the two results is very small."

"So when the electron jumps to the second orbit, it emits two different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves."

"That's why the spectral lines at 656nm are two very close to each other."

"That is my explanation to Professor Michelson."

boom!
The venue fell into deathly silence.

Everyone stared with wide eyes at Bruce's derivation process on the wall.

The hypothesis of quantization of orbital shape was proposed. The formula was so complicated that it was terribly complicated, and finally it was concluded that the energy level of elliptical orbit was very close to that of circular orbit.

This perfectly explains the phenomenon of the splitting of the Balmer lineage.

And there are exactly two of them for the two tracks.

At this moment, no one could find another adjective other than "awesome" in their hearts.

"Oh my God, today I finally saw how terrifying Professor Bruce is."

"It turns out that there are such people in the world. Compared with Professor Bruce, I am no different from a gorilla in Africa."

"Gorillas can peel bananas, and I can solve mechanics problems. We both have a bright future."

"I really can't imagine how Professor Bruce can be so talented. Is there any way for ordinary people like us to survive?"

"."

The hundreds of people at the scene were all in a state of hysteria.

The shock that Li Qiwei brought to them will be unforgettable for them.

This is the strength of the number one physicist today!

Overwhelm all the kings!

The best in the world!

The big guys in the front row were also completely impressed by Li Qiwei at this moment.

The other party's unconventional imagination and solid calculation ability made everyone sigh in admiration.

Especially Sommerfeld.

He suddenly felt a piercing pain in his chest.

It's like something most precious is lost.

Looking at the previous formulas and results, the assumptions are so perfect that they make people obsessed.

It's as if...as if Bruce's thoughts should be his own.

Sommerfeld shook his head quickly to clear away his chaotic emotions.

"Hey, what am I thinking about?"

"How can I be compared with Professor Bruce?"

“Only he could come up with such a brilliant idea on the spot.”

Li Qiwei: I'm sorry, Brother So, after the meeting, I will treat you to a meal alone.

Planck laughed happily. Ridgeway surprised him again.

He and Thompson were exchanging ideas on graduate student training.

This caused the envy of several big guys around.

At this moment, Michelson on the stage read Ridgway's derivation word for word.

Then he breathed a sigh of relief.

"Bruce, you really didn't let us down."

"People can't refuse to accept old age."

"I'm afraid I won't be able to come up with such a genius idea of ​​yours even if I'm given ten years."

Li Qiwei smiled modestly, "I just broke a layer of window paper."

"In fact, the whole derivation process is not particularly complicated."

"It is important that we always use quantum concepts to think about problems."

"Minimize the influence of classical physics on our thinking."

Bohr next to him was already so excited that his face turned red.

Every time Li Qiwei said something, he nodded.

Completely transformed into a fanatical number one fan.

Because this reasoning is so brilliant.

It was so brilliant that even Bohr was convinced by its performance.

"I will never be able to catch up with my mentor in my lifetime."

At this time, Li Qiwei suddenly continued: "Of course, there is one more thing I need to add to my explanation just now."

"That is, the value of the orbital shape quantum number l has not yet been explained."

"According to my calculations, the value of l is an integer between 0 and n-1."

"For example, when n=1, then l can only be 0. At this time, the orbit is circular."

"When n=2, l can be 0 or 1, so there are two optional orbits."

"But please note: when n=2, the value of l only affects the second orbit."

"For example, for the second orbit, if l = 0, then the orbit is circular; if l = 1, then the orbit is elliptical."

"But no matter what shape the second orbit is, it does not affect the fact that the first orbit is circular."

[Many textbooks in later generations do not mention this, and start with s-orbital, p-orbital, and d-orbital, which is very misleading to students! ]

"Similarly, when n=3, l can be 0, 1, or 2, so there are three optional orbits."

"And the value of l only affects the third orbit."

"When l=0, the third orbit is a circle; when l=1, the third orbit is an ellipse; when l=2, we can imagine that the third orbit is a flatter ellipse."

[Note that, at the same time, the value of the second track l is not affected. ]

[For example, suppose an atom has three orbitals.]

【Then the first orbit can only be a circle. 】

[When the second orbit is elliptical, the third orbit has three shapes. ]

[When the second track is circular, the third track also has three shapes. ]

[This is equivalent to saying that if an atom has three orbitals, then it has a total of 6 different orbital combinations.]

[These combinations exist simultaneously, and the electron may be in any one of them.]

Then, Li Qiwei drew a schematic diagram to make it easier for everyone present to understand.

boom!
This table shocked everyone present.

Michelson asked excitedly, "Bubbrus, did you just come up with all this in such a short time?"

Li Qiwei smiled lightly and said, "To be precise, it started when you, Professor Michelson, raised the question."

"I've been mentally calculating the theoretical feasibility of this hypothesis."

"At present, at least in theory, it is fine."

“And the assumption of quantization of orbital shapes coincides with Bohr’s quantization of the number of orbits.”

"So, I have reason to believe that my theory is correct."

boom!
There was thunderous applause from the audience.

At this moment, even ordinary students understood Li Qiwei's theory.

If everyone is willing to acknowledge the correctness of Bohr's model, then Ridgway's hypothesis makes sense.

And the Bohr model has been proven by so many experiments.

Chances are it won't go terribly wrong.

Then Ridgway added something that perfectly explained Michelson's question.

So, from any logical point of view, Li Qiwei's assumption is very reasonable.

Bohr seemed to have lost all his strength.

The ups and downs he had just experienced made his mood fluctuate.

If he were older, his heart would have died long ago because it couldn't take it.

Now he finally understood why his mentor chose the theme of this conference as "The Summit of Quantum".

It is so apt.

Professor Bruce single-handedly took the Bohr model to a higher level.

It can be said to be turning the tide.

This is the process of climbing to the top.

Planck, Thomson and others looked at Li Qiwei as if he were a treasure, with approval in their eyes.

Michelson was sighing, feeling a little regretful and sorry.

"I should have squeezed a little more out of Bruce last time."

As for Einstein, Laue and others, all we can do is worship them.

Li Qiwei impressed everyone.

however.

at this time.

A slight voice interrupted the boiling atmosphere in the entire venue.

"No, Bruce, there is a problem with your theory."

boom!
People present: Boss, please don’t do this, it’s hard for my heart to take it!
(End of this chapter)