1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 627: Guang Xiang is wrong? The cosmological constant is resurrected! Proof of accelerated expansion! Guang Xiang's power shocked everyone!

Inside the lecture hall of Cambridge University.

People are arguing about the accelerated expansion of the universe.

Hubble looked at all this and felt deeply moved.

There is both the excitement of subverting astronomy and the confusion of unknown theories.

Suddenly, he looked in the direction of Professor Bruce, wondering if his discovery would affect him.

After all, the accelerated expansion of the universe cannot be explained by the Big Bang theory.

However, all he saw was a pair of calm and deep eyes.

Professor Bruce looked calm and composed, occasionally chatting with Professor Hale and others beside him.

No one knows whether the most intelligent mind in the world can come up with the answer to accelerated expansion.

Soon Eddington had to play the role of host.

"Everyone, in order to maintain order in the venue."

"I hope everyone can split into two camps, opposing and supporting, and ask questions one by one."

"First, for those of you who are against the accelerated expansion of the universe, please state your reasons for doubting it."

As soon as he finished speaking, the questioning began.

Most of the criticism focuses on the observational data itself.

The measurement range of over 200 billion light years makes it difficult to believe the accuracy of the data.

However, Hubble coped with the situation more than adequately, and his answer was impeccable.

"Increased distance does not necessarily mean reduced accuracy."

Although there were more people present who did not agree that the universe was expanding at an accelerated rate, they had no choice but to give in when faced with the ironclad facts.

In science, theories can be easily challenged, but experiments are difficult.

Hubble's observation results are equivalent to experimental results. What is measured is what it is and is not subject to human will.

So, after just half an hour, no one could come up with a valid argument anymore.

At this moment, most people began to accept this incredible phenomenon.

"Incredible!"

"Can't understand!"

In real history, three physicists discovered the accelerated expansion of the universe in 1998 using the supernova candle method.

The three of them also won the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for this.

Therefore, the scientific community has recognized the fact that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate.

But the cause has not been determined.

Just as Eddington announced that the supporters had begun asking questions, everyone brainstormed and came up with a theory that could explain the accelerated expansion of the universe.

Suddenly, a familiar voice sounded again:

"slow!"

"Professor Hubble, I have a question for you."

Wow!
Everyone looked closely and found that it was Director Dyson again.

The other party had just questioned Hale and now he started to challenge Hubble.

Hai Er opened his eyes immediately, and cursed in his heart:
"This old guy, how come his temperament has changed so much when he got older?"

"He wasn't like this before."

"I'd like to see what faults he can find."

In the view of Hale and others, Dyson must have felt that there was something wrong with Hubble's measurements.

However, this time, everyone miscalculated.

Dyson smiled and asked:

"Professor Hubble, the expansion of the universe is derived from the theory of general relativity."

"But the expansion of the universe deduced from the general theory is only decelerating, not accelerating."

"So, if accelerated expansion is true, doesn't that mean general relativity is wrong?"

boom!
The whole place fell silent!

Everyone was shocked as if struck by lightning!
"My God!"

"How can the accelerated expansion of the universe contradict the theory of general relativity?"

"This is incredible!"

At this moment, no one knew what to say.

There is no need to explain the importance of general relativity. It has already won the Nobel Prize and is recognized by the academic community as a pillar of modern physics.

His predictions of starlight bending, black holes, and cosmic expansion have been proven one after another.

How could such a great theory be wrong?
No one present believed it!
However, the accelerated expansion of the universe observed by Hubble has been repeatedly verified by everyone and is almost impossible to be wrong.

But now, a correct theory and a correct real-life result are contradictory.

"How do you explain this?"

Haier was stunned.

He looked at Dyson in disbelief.

"How can this be?"

He even forgot to bash Dyson.

At this moment, even Hubble was confused.

He was not proficient in the calculations of general relativity, so for a moment he was unable to determine whether Dyson was genuine.

He subconsciously looked towards Professor Bruce.

At this time, Dyson saw his reaction and smiled:

"Don't worry, I've just confirmed it with Professor Bruce."

"He told me personally: General relativity cannot deduce the result of the accelerated expansion of the universe."

hiss!
Everyone gasped in shock!
Professor Bruce actually admitted it!

This was completely beyond everyone's expectations.

Hubble was no longer calm. He regretted that he had ignored such an important issue.

When he first discovered that the expansion of the universe was accelerating, he should have thought of its compatibility with general relativity.

But he was so excited at the time that he forgot this.

Now we are in a passive situation.

Obviously, he could not explain this contradiction.

At this moment, he, like everyone else, began to doubt his own data.

Because he absolutely does not believe that Guang Xiang could be wrong!
Hubble could only say helplessly:
"I'm sorry, Professor Dyson, I can't explain your question for now."

“Perhaps my research results need further verification.”

The crowd sighed!
Hubble, who had been full of energy just now, now became dejected.

His answer was clearly lacking in confidence.

But this is no wonder, since his results are in conflict with Guang.

Anyone would be terrified.

However, just when the situation was at a stalemate.

A voice sounded, and Hubble's mood instantly went from hell to heaven.

"Hubble, have you forgotten what I once told you?"

“Everyone in this world makes mistakes.”

“You’ve made your own path, stick to it.”

"You are right about the accelerated expansion of the universe, but there is indeed a problem with my general perspective."

boom!
Everyone's eyes widened instantly, their faces filled with disbelief!

Guang Xiang was actually wrong?

how can that be!

"My God!"

"What happened to today's meeting?"

"Are we going to witness history?"

Everyone immediately started talking.

Even the big guys in the front row were shocked.

Dyson stopped smiling now.

He really didn't expect that Professor Bruce actually thought Guang Xiang was wrong.

Haier didn't know what to say anymore.

Things were full of twists and turns, leaving him no time to think.

However, Yu Qingsong frowned slightly.

"The professor said there was a problem, not that it was wrong, and there is a huge difference between the two."

On the stage, Hubble's eyes suddenly lit up with an inexplicable glow.

He was very excited, but when he thought about the problem with Guangxiang, he couldn't get excited anymore. He was in a state of contradiction.

Under the gaze of the crowd, Li Qiwei slowly stood up and walked to the stage.

He smiled brightly, and the scene instantly fell silent. "The emergence of accelerated expansion does cause Guangxiang to have problems, but they are not serious."

"I have just figured out how to resolve the conflict between the two."

Wow!
Everyone was shocked!
Professor Bruce, please stop being so scary!
Hubble, Dyson, Hale and others were excited. This result was the best.

Ridgeway continued:

"When I was deriving the gravitational field equations in general relativity, there was an episode."

“The equations I wrote down at the beginning are the equations in the formal paper.”

After that, he wrote down the simple yet complex equation.

"Based on this equation, it is natural to deduce that the universe is expanding or contracting."

"But this equation has no solution for a steady-state universe."

“I had a little concern at the time.”

"What if the universe is really absolutely stable and unchanging, as Newton thought?"

"So, I just need to add a constant Λ (pronounced lambda) to the equation, and I can get the solution for the steady-state universe."

"The constant Λ can adjust the attraction of gravity so that the universe remains in balance. It is a mathematical trick."

"I call this constant the cosmological constant."

“Because it is closely related to the evolution of the universe.”

"You all know what happened next. I didn't include this constant in the paper."

"I trust my intuition and judgment. The universe is dynamic, not static."

"It wasn't until Hubble proved the expansion of the universe through the red shift of galaxies that I was completely proven right."

"I once again firmly believe that the cosmological constant Λ is unnecessary."

Wow!
The audience was fascinated by the performance.

There is such a secret history behind the general theory of relativity that shocked the world.

These things are top secrets in the scientific community.

Everyone felt extremely honored.

"But today, Hubble discovered again that the universe is not only expanding, but also expanding at an accelerating rate!"

"There is no solution to the gravitational field equations that would allow for accelerated expansion."

"In other words, the existing general theory of relativity cannot explain why the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate."

"So, I thought about the cosmological constant Λ that had troubled me before."

"If we add this constant, then we can deduce the accelerated expansion from the general phase."

"Please read the proof process."

Click, click, click!
Under the horrified gaze of the crowd, Li Qiwei tore up the equation with his bare hands.

Only a few people present could understand it.

This scene, which seemed like a heavenly book, shocked everyone deeply.

"Oh, God!"

"Professor Bruce has completed the theory of general relativity!"

"This is incredible!"

"."

Adding a constant to an equation is not an outrageous operation.

G in Newton's law of universal gravitation and k in Coulomb's law are both additional constants.

But the special thing about the gravitational field equation is that after adding the constant, it can explain the incredible phenomenon of the accelerated expansion of the universe.

And the possibility of this phenomenon has been theoretically proven!
This is truly amazing!
More than half an hour passed.

Li Qiwei's proof was finally completed.

The whole audience gasped and then burst into exclamations!
The problem that troubled everyone present was solved so easily by Professor Bruce.

There is nothing wrong with general relativity, it just lacks a cosmological constant!

And adding this constant does not affect all previous results.

It can still predict phenomena such as starlight bending and black holes.

It’s a happy occasion!

At this moment, everyone recalled that Professor Bruce did not say that general relativity was wrong, but that there was a problem.

Adding a constant to an equation is really just a small addition.

But this small supplement contains a huge and shocking secret!
Hai Er couldn't help but slap his thigh.

"Great!"

"Hubble is not wrong!"

Although he didn't quite understand the specific process, Professor Bruce's name was the best guarantee.

The details are better left to the physics community.

As long as Hubble is right.

At this time, Li Qiwei looked at Dyson and said with a smile:

"Master Dai, can my answer explain your doubts?"

Dyson recovered from his shock and said with a wry smile:

"Professor Bruce, I can't understand your proof anyway."

"Then I guess you're right."

Everyone laughed.

At this moment, people who are good at general relativity have already given verification.

"Professor Bruce's derivation process is not wrong."

"Adding the cosmological constant directly deduce the accelerating expansion of the universe."

Everyone exclaimed again!

Today’s meeting was really wonderful!

The accelerated expansion of the universe almost overturned the general theory of relativity, but was easily resolved by Professor Bruce.

General relativity, in turn, proves that the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate.

"The power of Guang Xiang is so terrifying!"

Hubble looked ahead with admiration on his face.

When he fell into despair, it was Professor Bruce who stood up and turned the tide!
The other party directly proved the possibility of accelerated expansion of the universe theoretically.

Combined with his actual observation data, no one could doubt the correctness of the results.

That tall figure gave him an unparalleled sense of security.

Hubble expressed his gratitude from the bottom of his heart:
"Thank you, Professor Bruce!"

Li Qiwei turned around, walked a few steps to Hubble, and patted his shoulder with relief.

"very nice."

Hubble felt as happy as if he had eaten honey.

Just as Li Qiwei was about to go down.

Suddenly, Eddington reacted, walked up to him and called him:

"Professor Bruce, please wait a moment!"

Li Qiwei stopped and looked at him, confused.

Eddington laughed:
"Professor Bruce, now that the contradiction between the accelerated expansion of the universe and the general physics has been resolved, why don't you solve another problem as well?"

"Next, we need to discuss where the impetus for accelerated expansion comes from."

"How about you give us an idea first, so we can refer to it."

"Otherwise, you'll always be the last one to speak, and everyone will be waiting too impatiently."

"Professor, is that okay?"

Wow!
Everyone was stunned!
"This guy has some talent as a host, no worse than Lorenz."

"Professor Eddington understands our inner thoughts too well."

"Let Professor Bruce speak first, so we don't have to bring out these unreliable conjectures and make a fool of ourselves."

Everyone praised Eddington's idea.

Then, everyone started to make a noise.

"Yes, Professor Bruce, we all want to hear your answer first."

"Just tell me about it."

"."

Li Qiwei was also confused and he smiled silently.

I was waiting to show off at the end.

However, looking at the enthusiastic and expectant expressions of the crowd, he smiled slightly and said:

"Well, I'll just treat it as a suggestion."

"I do have a half-baked idea about why the expansion of the universe is accelerating."

Wow!
The whole audience was excited!

(End of this chapter)