1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 626: Above the Three Destinies! The Great Tearing of the Universe! Shocking Everyone! What is the Power of Expansion?
The meeting the next day did not disappoint everyone.

The supernova ranging method proposed by Hubble was already shocking enough, but it turned out to be just an appetizer.

When Hubble finally proposed that "the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate", everyone was shocked!

It was like hearing a fairy tale.

There was an immediate and intense reaction in the venue.

"My God!"

"How can this be?"

“How can the expansion of the universe accelerate?”

Hale, Eddington, Shapley and others all looked incredulous.

This news is really shocking.

Especially Hale, who knew before the meeting that Hubble had made a breakthrough discovery.

But he thought it was supernova ranging.

I didn't expect that the universe was expanding at an accelerated rate.

The importance of these two is totally not on the same level.

If the universe is really expanding at an accelerating rate, it is likely to be something even more bizarre than the existence of dark matter.

But there are also many young scholars who have little experience and do not know much about the expansion of the universe, and they are very confused.

“What’s wrong with accelerated expansion?”

“Why are the big guys in the front row so excited?”

"What is the speed of the universe's expansion that we often talk about?"

A big shot sighed:

"It's more than just a problem, it's a huge problem!"

At this moment, everyone's curiosity reached its peak.

Hubble looked at everyone's expressions and smiled.

He knew that his achievements today would surely cause a sensation in the entire astronomical community.

Slogans and opinions alone are not enough, so he began to explain the results of his own observations.

"According to the expansion formula: V=HD, where V represents the speed at which the galaxy is moving away, D represents the distance between the galaxy and the Earth, and H is the proportionality constant, also known as the [universe expansion rate]."

"I previously calculated the expansion rate of the universe to be 70 (km/s/mpc)."

"This value means that for every 326 million light-years that the distance between a galaxy and Earth increases, the speed at which the galaxy moves away from Earth increases by 70 km/s."

"So the farther a galaxy is from Earth, the faster it is receding."

"Of course, it is not the galaxies themselves that are moving, but the expansion of the universe that causes the galaxies to move, so there is no problem of superluminal speed."

"As you can see from the formula, the expansion rate of the universe is linearly related to the speed of the galaxies."

“I have always believed so.”

"Because within the distance range of hundreds of millions of light years, the formula predicts very well."

"However, when I discovered the supernova ranging method, I was able to measure the speed at which galaxies billions of light years away are moving away."

"I found a problem."

"The expansion rate of the universe, H, is not fixed at around 70. It keeps getting bigger as the distance increases!"

"So, this means that the expansion of the universe is accelerating!"

"Please take a look at the specific data and calculation process."

After that, Hubble began to show his thought process and even demonstrated it on the spot.

Wow!
Everyone was extremely shocked!

“This is too awesome!”

“Is this the strength of the boss?”

Hubble used the distance measurement method he invented, spanning billions of light years, to prove the deep-seated mystery of the expansion of the universe.

The shock it brings to everyone is unparalleled!
And the whole process is full of coincidences.

Within hundreds of billions of light years, the change in the universe's expansion rate H is not obvious, so no one noticed the problem.

Now with the ultra-long distance ranging method, the difference is immediately noticed.

Hale, Eddington and others widened their eyes. They were sure that there was nothing wrong with the data.

Although the entire calculation process is not complicated, the effort involved is unimaginable.

At this moment, Hubble was immersed in his speech, becoming more calm and high-spirited.

He continued:

"I think a lot of people are still confused and may not understand what the accelerated expansion of the universe means."

"Now, I will explain in detail why the accelerated expansion of the universe is incredible."

“This has to start from an earlier time.”

"On the last day of the second Bruce Conference in 1912, Professor Bruce proposed the famous Big Bang theory."

"The theory at that time was very crude, with only a framework concept, and was far less rich in content than it is today."

"But even so, Professor Bruce still conjectured three possible outcomes of the evolution of the universe."

"The result of evolution is the confrontation between the force of space expansion and gravity."

"Case 1: Heat-death universe."

"The force of space expansion is always greater than the force of gravity, so the universe will continue to expand."

"As space becomes larger and larger, the temperature in the universe will become lower and lower, and eventually approach absolute zero."

"All matter has almost stopped moving, stars have gone out, life has disappeared, and the entire universe is devoid of any life."

"Case 2: Steady-State Universe."

"At a certain point, the force of the universe's expansion and the force of gravity remain equal and no longer change."

"Then the universe will neither continue to expand nor continue to contract, but will remain in a stable and unchanging state."

"The size of the universe is fixed."

"Third scenario: cyclic universe."

"The force of the universe's expansion is less than the force of gravity."

"Under the influence of gravity, matter continues to approach each other, and finally squeezes together to form a region of infinite density until it becomes a singularity."

"And then another big explosion!"

“And so on and so forth.”

"The above three possible outcomes of the universe are the conjectures proposed by Professor Bruce."

Wow!
Everyone's expression was shocked!

Although they are not unfamiliar with these three endings.

But every time I hear it, I still get an urge to be moved.

"This is the theory proposed by Professor Bruce 13 years ago!"

"Astronomy was still in its infancy at that time, and even the nature of the Milky Way as a galaxy was not certain."

"And that man has already begun to depict the end of the universe."

It’s incredible just to think about it!

At this moment, Hubble suddenly looked excited and domineering:

"Now, with the improvement of the Big Bang theory and the proposal of the formula for space expansion, I want to re-deconstruct these three cosmic endings!"

"Based on Professor Bruce's work, we explain the differences between the three outcomes from a more fundamental perspective of the rate of space expansion."

"Then everyone will understand how incredible the accelerated expansion of the universe is!"

Wow!
Everyone saw the flame dancing in Hubble's eyes.

That undisguised ambition!

That is the fire of desire and hope!
The other party has to make up for Professor Bruce’s shortcomings!
Everyone was moved:

"The following contents are expected to be horrifying!"

Hubble said:

"First, there is the heat death of the universe."

"In Professor Bruce's original conception, although the force of space expansion has always been greater than gravity, it has always been decreasing, rather than increasing infinitely."

"Now we know that the so-called space expansion force can be explained by the space expansion rate."

"That is, at the end of the heat death of the universe, although the rate of space expansion gradually decreases, it is never zero."

"So the universe is expanding all the time." "And because the expansion rate is infinitely close to zero, the expansion becomes slower and slower, and eventually approaches a limit."

"That's easy to understand."

"Because the expansion of the universe is the aftermath of the Big Bang, it cannot be getting stronger and stronger."

"It's like if you throw a big rock into a pool of water, the splashes will only get weaker and weaker, not stronger and stronger."

Everyone nodded, this was easy to understand.

"Then there's the steady-state universe."

"The cosmic expansion rate of a steady-state universe is 0."

"In this case, the expansion of space itself and the contraction of gravity remain balanced."

"If there is a little more or less matter and energy in the universe, or even if the position of movement changes slightly, the balance will be immediately disrupted."

"So the steady-state universe may be the most fragile universe and is difficult to form."

"Finally, there is the cyclic universe."

"In this case, gravity takes over and the spatial expansion rate of the universe becomes negative."

"So the universe shrinks more and more until it reaches the ultimate singularity, waiting for the next big bang."

"Be careful here."

"The space expansion rate is a comprehensive reflection of the superposition of the space expansion effect and the gravitational effect."

"The above is my re-deconstruction of the three possible outcomes of the universe using the space expansion rate."

“I believe everyone should see the problem.”

"In the first outcome, the space expansion rate continues to decrease, approaching 0 infinitely."

"The second ending, the space expansion rate drops to 0."

"The third ending is that the space expands and even decreases to a negative number."

"In either case, the rate of space expansion is decreasing."

"But now, my observations show that space is expanding at an accelerating rate!"

"The rate of space expansion is gradually increasing!"

"How is this possible?"

“Where does the motivation for growth come from?”

boom!
Now everyone understood the whole story.

The accelerated expansion is incredible!
"My God!"

"Why do I feel so horrified?"

"I feel like the accelerated expansion even overturns the Big Bang theory!"

"Does this mean that Professor Hubble has disproven the Big Bang?"

Everyone was talking about it.

The atmosphere in the venue reached its climax.

No one expected that the content of the report on the second day would be even crazier than that on the first day!
The accelerated expansion of the universe is really unreasonable!
Hale, Shapley, Eddington and other bigwigs looked solemn.

Hubble's analytical logic is impeccable.

The accelerated expansion of the universe is like a disruptive monster that has messed up everything in astronomy.

“Is this a dark cloud over the astronomy building?”

At this moment, the bigwigs thought of the story of two dark clouds in the field of physics.

The previous galaxy mass issue may also be considered a dark cloud that gave rise to the incomprehensible existence of dark matter.

And now, what more bizarre theory will come out of the accelerated expansion of the universe?
Yu Qingsong looked shocked.

He finally understood the saying that there is no false reputation under a great name.

"Brother Hubble is indeed worthy of his reputation."

At the same time, he suddenly had a new understanding of the framework of astronomy.

It seems like everything is connected.

Yu Qingsong murmured to himself:

"The Big Bang theory gave birth to all space, time and matter, including the physical laws that govern their changes."

"Among them, relativity and quantum mechanics are the two most core physical theories."

“Relativity describes space and time and predicts the expansion of the universe; quantum mechanics governs matter and extends to the theory of stellar evolution.”

"Classical Newtonian mechanics measurements proved that the universe is expanding; stellar evolution theory derived a new measurement method, which proved that the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate."

"The law of universal gravitation had problems calculating the motion of galaxies, which led to the concept of dark matter."

"So what new theories will emerge from the accelerated expansion of the universe?"

“There is absolutely no room for it in existing theories.”

Wow!
Many people around heard Yu Qingsong talking to himself, and their eyes suddenly lit up!

In just a few words, the other party combined several of the most popular theories in astronomy.

The relationship between the theories is clear at a glance.

“What a profound insight!”

"Yu Qingsong from China is really amazing!"

"He may be the future leader of Chinese Tianxia literature."

At this moment, everyone was immersed in thinking about the accelerated expansion of the universe.

If nothing unexpected happens, this will be the biggest problem of this Tianlian meeting.

Because it directly threatens the status of the Big Bang Theory!
However, the speech was not over yet.

To everyone's astonishment, Hubble continued:

"If the accelerated expansion of the universe really exists, then there should be another ending besides the three endings of the universe proposed by Professor Bruce."

"That's the [Big Rip Universe]!"

"As the universe expands faster and faster, eventually this expansion effect will turn into a terrifying tearing phenomenon."

"Space will tear all celestial bodies, dust and other matter into atomic states."

"Even in an extreme case, atoms no longer exist, and even the most basic particles are torn apart."

"Not only will there be no life in the universe, there will be no matter itself. Only the concept of existence will remain."

hiss!
Everyone gasped!
This ending is too horrifying and too hopeless.

"Oh, God!"

“I hope this never happens!”

“It’s too dark!”

Everyone felt an indescribable chill from the bottom of their hearts.

They finally understood why the big guys in the front row reacted so strongly to the accelerated expansion of the universe.

"impossible!"

"Absolutely impossible!"

No one wants to believe that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.

Not only is the outcome despairing, the phenomenon itself makes absolutely no sense.

There is gravity between matter, so the expansion effect will only become weaker and weaker. How can it accelerate?

As Hubble said: Where does the power come from?
Although Hubble himself was reluctant to believe it, he firmly believed that his observation results and calculation process were correct.

So, he longed for an explanation.

"That's all for my report today. Please feel free to ask questions."

A heated discussion immediately broke out in the meeting room.

Most people strongly disagree with accelerated expansion and feel that there must be a misunderstanding somewhere.

This idea is exactly the same as yesterday's question about the mass of galaxies.

A small number of people agree with Hubble's conjecture and believe that accelerated expansion does overturn the Big Bang theory.

Perhaps this theory is not perfect.

However, they need to explain:
"What is the reason and driving force behind the accelerated expansion of the universe?"

For a time, everyone was talking about it.

(End of this chapter)