1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 432 Chemical Bond Theory! Shocking the audience! Using physics as a sword, we will create a bright future for chemistry!
Li Qiwei's electron shell model shocked everyone present.

Whether you are a physics expert or a physics student, everyone can understand this theoretical model through his easy-to-understand explanation.

Everyone sighed that it took a long time for humans to understand atoms.

Now, we are finally seeing the final light.

But Li Qiwei is well aware that the current shell model is not perfect enough.

In 1803, Dalton proposed: "Atoms are solid spheres that cannot be divided."

A hundred years later, Thomson discovered that there are electrons in atoms, breaking the authoritative statement that atoms are indivisible.

Then, Ridgwell proved the existence of the atomic nucleus through the experiment of alpha particles hitting gold foil, further expanding people's understanding of atoms.

Later, Bohr proposed the concept of quantized electron orbits, which described the movement of electrons, rather than their random movement around the nucleus.

Ridgwell added two more quantum numbers, forming the current Bohr-Lee model, which can explain the various behaviors of electrons.

However, this model still has a flaw, which is that it cannot explain the arrangement of electrons outside the nucleus.

It was not until today that Li Qiwei proposed the electron shell model, which solved this problem at one stroke.

It even solved a thousand-year-old mystery in the field of chemistry.

Why do elements have different properties?

It can be said that although this theory is still a conjecture, it has conquered everyone present.

Especially driving all the chemists crazy.

It not only conforms to the deduction of quantum theory in physics, but also coincides with countless experimental phenomena in chemistry.

With such a theory, the probability of error is too low.

At the same time, this is another example of physics guiding chemistry.

However, the electron shell model is still not perfect.

In real history, after Schrödinger's wave equation was published, physicists discovered that electrons exist in the probabilistic form of [electron cloud].

The shape of the electron cloud is the area where electrons may appear.

At this time, each shell is further divided into different sublayers according to different energy levels.

For example, the first shell electron cloud is spherical, so the electron orbital is spherical, called [s orbital].

However, in the second shell, because the number of orbital energy levels increases, the electron cloud of this layer not only has a spherical shape, but also a spindle shape.

This spindle-shaped orbital is called a p orbital.

So, there are s orbitals and p orbitals in the second shell.

Similarly, in the third shell, in addition to s orbitals and p orbitals, there are also [d orbitals].

And so on
Note that the shapes of the orbits here are not made up, but calculated through equations.

With the above knowledge, we can explain:
Why is the electron configuration of the argon atom 2, 8, 8? The last shell is obviously not full, but it is also a closed shell.

That's why the track.

氩的电子排布，写成轨道排布方式，就是：1s②/2s②2p⑥/3s②3p⑥。

1, 2, 3 represent the ordinal numbers of the electron shells, and ② represents the maximum number of electrons that can exist in each subshell.

It can be seen that although there are only 8 electrons in the third layer of the argon atom, they fill up the s orbital and p orbital.

Therefore, the remaining sublayers are just empty shells, and the outer electrons of the argon atom can still be considered as closed and do not participate in chemical reactions.

Of course, this is under normal circumstances.

As long as the temperature and pressure are high enough, any reaction can occur, and there are many inert gas compounds in later generations.

In real history, when the theoretical system of quantum mechanics matured.

A group of physicists led by Bohr quickly calculated the conditions of each orbit.

Then they didn't go any further because the rest was up to the chemists.

Then, Pauling, known as the "Einstein of Chemistry", proposed the theory of chemical bonds. (Chapter 411)
That is, atoms are bound together through their respective orbitals, forming the so-called [chemical bonds].

Covalent bond, ionic bond, metallic bond, hydrogen bond and so on.

Among them, the hybrid orbital theory proposed by Pauling had the most far-reaching influence.

To put it simply, an s orbital and a p orbital combine together to form a new hybrid orbital sp orbital.

Similarly, there are sp2 orbitals, sp3 orbitals, and so on.

These hybrid orbitals are very conducive to the formation of chemical bonds, allowing chemical reactions to occur.

With the development of chemistry, other orbital theories emerged, such as molecular orbital and so on.

However, no matter how things change, the essence remains the same.

The basis of all orbital theories is chemical bond theory.

And this is what Li Qiwei is going to talk about next.

He proposed the concept of chemical bonds ahead of time and became the father of modern chemistry!
This year, Pauling was just 19 years old and still an undergraduate student in the United States.

I don’t know if I will be able to meet him during Li Qiwei’s trip to the United States in April.

If he saw him, he would definitely pat Pauling on the shoulder and say to him:

"Xiao Bao, I like you very much. I want to borrow something from you. You won't blame me, will you?"

"A burger, please."

Pauling: Listen to me, thank you for having you.
After smiling, Li Qiwei looked at the people in the audience and said loudly:

"With the electron shell model, we can further think about the nature of chemical reactions."

"Take the reaction of sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride."

"It is now known that the outermost shell of a sodium atom has one electron and the outermost shell of a chlorine atom has seven electrons."

"Because atoms are made up of charged particles, there is an electromagnetic force between atoms, and the gravitational force is negligible compared to the strength of the electromagnetic force."

"So, when two atoms get close to each other, they are bound together by the electromagnetic force."

"I gave this form of bonding between atoms a professional term, called chemical bond."

"The physical mechanism of chemical bonds is electromagnetic interaction."

"For sodium chloride, the sodium and chlorine exist in the form of sodium ions and chloride ions respectively."

"The chemical bond between them can be called an ionic bond."

"For substances like hydrogen, hydrogen atoms exist as neutral atoms."

"They form closed shells by sharing an electron pair."

As he spoke, Li Qiwei drew a schematic diagram (chemistry is not the focus of this book, so I won’t draw a diagram for you.)
"I call this chemical bond a covalent bond."

"For metals, you can think of it as a bunch of metal atoms aggregated together."

"The outermost electrons can break away from the nucleus and move throughout the metal solid."

"I call this chemical bond a metallic bond."

"and many more."

"I don't know much about chemistry. There may be other types of chemical bonds."

"But it does not matter."

"When we introduce the shell model of quantum theory into the theory of chemical bonds, we can analyze the nature of these bonds."

“Thereby understanding the nature of each chemical reaction.”

“Chemists no longer have to worry about the black box that is the reaction in a glass instrument.”

"Of course, detailed and in-depth research is the job of chemists."

"I won't interfere today, and I won't do that."

"As a physicist, my mission is accomplished."

"That's all I have to say today. I have made a small contribution to chemistry."

"thank you all."

After Li Qiwei finished speaking, the entire conference hall was so quiet that you could hear a pin drop.

At this moment, time seemed to be frozen.

Everyone opened their mouths and eyes wide, with shock on their faces. Ridgway introduced quantum theory into chemistry and proposed the electron shell model, which explained the nature of the different properties of elements.

This was enough to cause shock.

All the chemists present were so impressed that they wanted to give Professor Bruce a kiss on the spot.

However, the following chemical bond theory shocked them even more.

Although it is just a concept and prototype.

However, the profound meaning contained therein is no less than the subversive effect that the theory of relativity has brought to physics.

With this concept, chemists' research objects are no longer the balance and products of chemical reactions.

It is no longer a matter of measuring the weight change before and after the reaction, this is a job that even a craftsman can do.

Instead, we delve into the subtle processes of chemical reactions and study everything about the reaction from the source.

How incredible and great this is.

At this moment, chemists seemed to have mastered the code of matter.

All material changes in the universe will be understood, conquered and applied by human beings.

Chemistry, rise!
"Oh my God, today's speech will surely make countless people regret it."

"Such shocking content should be announced to all scientists in the world."

"But Professor Bruce just said it so lightly."

“The theory that made all chemists worship and shocked was just a side effect he came up with when studying quantum theory.”

"Just like the byproducts of polymer reactions."

"This is Professor Bruce's extremely terrifying strength. It makes anyone who wants to catch up with him despair."

"."

There was warm and crazy applause in the venue.

Heisenberg only felt that he was surrounded by a ball of fire.

Everyone looked at the man on the stage as if they were worshipping a god.

He is too strong!

With just one stroke of his pen, he could achieve something that even the top chemists could never achieve in their entire lives.

No, I can’t achieve it in ten lifetimes.

But in the eyes of the other party, these are just insignificant contributions.

Heisenberg was trembling all over at this moment.

The light in his eyes almost pierced through the dome of the venue.

He was no longer shy and silent, but the primitive wildness in his body was aroused.

“Is this the demeanor of the world’s number one man?”

“When will I be able to reach this state?”

"Oh God, I must devote all my energy to the study of quantum theory."

“It’s so great.”

“Just a few applications can change the future of chemistry. Is there anything more incredible than this?”

At this moment, Heisenberg strengthened his determination to study quantum theory.

Only the forefront of quantum theory is the world's most pinnacle battlefield and the place he is most looking forward to.

Any random soldier on the periphery is a high and mighty professor in the eyes of ordinary people, an existence that cannot be easily approached.

The center of the battlefield is where the great gods fight.

Any disturbance there will determine the future of mankind.

It took Heisenberg more than ten years to understand this truth.

The best person in the world, not only the wisest, but also the strongest in martial arts!

Pauli couldn't remain calm at this moment.

Li Qiwei's performance has far exceeded his imagination.

As a super genius in the eyes of everyone, Pauli has the arrogance that belongs to a genius.

In his opinion, Professor Bruce's strength was just due to being born a little too early.

At that time, modern physics was just starting out, and there were too many unknown theories and phenomena waiting to be discovered. It was a complete blue ocean.

Pauli felt that if he were placed in that era, he might be the author of the theory of relativity.

This is the confidence of a genius.

"History plays a big part in Professor Bruce's greatness."

However, today, Li Qiwei's strength shattered Pauli's dream.

Because Pauli not only understood relativity, he also understood quantum theory.

He could even calculate the orbital data of the hydrogen atom on the spot.

He is currently a doctoral student of Professor Sommerfeld, and his doctoral thesis is about the hydrogen molecular model.

The existing Bohr-Lee model can well explain the electron orbital situation of hydrogen atoms.

But when faced with a hydrogen molecule consisting of two hydrogen atoms, it is powerless.

Pauli couldn't think of a solution either.

And now, he has found inspiration from the electron shell model and chemical bond theory.

Pauli understood this huge gap in strength.

When he and Professor Bruce are at the same starting line, he will be crushed so much that he won't even be able to see the other's back.

He murmured to himself:

"It's just terrible."

"I'd better not be so mean in front of Professor Bruce from now on, otherwise I will only bring shame upon myself."

"However, there is still a problem with the electron shell model."

"I wonder what Professor Bruce thinks of this."

Pauli is worthy of being Pauli, although he doesn't dare to confront Li Qiwei.

But I still dare to ask questions, with only the purity of science in my heart.

But now is not a good time, he has to wait until the venue is quiet before taking action.

The big guys in the front row were also extremely excited at this moment.

They know that once today's content is announced, it will cause a huge sensation in the chemical world.

I'm afraid all chemists in the world will regret not attending this lecture in person.

Professor Bruce revolutionized chemistry!

Einstein felt a chill on his back.

He originally thought that Li Qiwei would talk about pure physics.

Therefore, there was no large-scale invitation to chemists from Germany.

Almost all those present here today are chemists from the University of Berlin.

They now love Einstein to their core.

But Einstein was still afraid:
"I hope I won't become the public enemy of the chemical community now."

He could already imagine that scene.

Nernst looked at Einstein's worried expression and smiled knowingly.

As the only chemistry expert present, he was the only one who could deeply understand what today’s speech meant.

"If Lavoisier is the father of modern chemistry."

"So after today, Bruce is the father of modern chemistry."

(End of this chapter)