1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 431: Quantum theory is introduced into chemistry! The law of electron arrangement outside the nucleus! Professor Bruce is the god of chemistry!

Since Ridgway divided classical physics into modern physics, the development of physics has become more brilliant.

The achievements of modern physics have even radiated to other disciplines.

Chemistry is the field most affected.

After Laue used crystals to prove that X-rays are electromagnetic waves, a craze for crystal research in the field of chemistry was triggered.

Using X-rays, chemists can calculate the structural parameters of crystals and gain a deeper understanding of the various properties of crystals.

Soddy studied radioactivity and proposed the concept of isotopes.

Aston then invented the mass spectrometer, which allowed chemists to easily separate isotopes and deepen their understanding of elements.

Although Ridgwell's proton-neutron model has not yet been verified, it can perfectly explain the arrangement of the periodic table.

At this point, chemists' understanding of elements reached its peak.

And today, the ultimate secret of chemistry, why elements have different properties, is about to be solved!
Once successful, chemistry will enter a whole new stage of development.

It means that humans can theoretically understand the composition and laws of all things in the world.

Why are some elements active and some stable?

The chemists present were already excited!
As for physicists, they are equally excited.

Because this represents another huge breakthrough in physics.

A single theory of physics can even determine the life and death of chemistry.

Chemistry has a significant impact on biology and medicine.

In other words, today's content will inevitably have a profound impact on the entire scientific community.

What a great thing this is.

The physics experts present felt proud.

At this moment, everyone looked towards the figure on the podium.

"Professor Bruce, today you will become the Father of Elements."

Under everyone's expectation, Li Qiwei spoke.

"We know that according to the Bohr-Lee model, there are three quantum numbers in the current atomic structure."

"They are the quantum number n for the number of orbits, the quantum number l for the shape of the orbits, and the quantum number m for the direction of the orbits."

"They determine the size, shape and direction of the electron's orbit, respectively."

"So the atomic model becomes a three-dimensional shell structure."

"Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells."

"So the first question is: how many electrons can each layer hold?"

“That is, what is the arrangement of atoms outside the nucleus?”

“Here, I propose a theory.”

"The number of electrons in each layer depends on how many electron orbits there are in this layer, that is, how many energy levels there are."

"When n=1, this is the first shell."

"At this time, l and m can only take the value of 0."

"Because the range of l is (0, n-1), and the range of m is (-l, l)."

“So, the first shell has only one energy level (1, 0, 0).”

“And so on:”

“第二壳层有四个能级，分别是（2、0、0）、（2、1、0）、（2、1、1）、（2、1、﹣1）。”

"The third shell has 9 energy levels and the fourth shell has 16 energy levels."

"As shown in the figure, the electrons are arranged in these shells like this:

"The first shell has 2 electrons, the second shell has 8 electrons, the third shell has 18 electrons, and the fourth shell has 32 electrons."

"You can see that the number of electrons in each shell is twice the number of energy levels in that shell."

"The shells formed by these numbers are all closed electron shells, and only the electrons outside these closed shells can participate in chemical reactions."

"What do you mean? Give me an example."

"Let's look at the noble gases column in the periodic table."

"Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon."

"These elements are the result of the great discoveries of the late Lord Rayleigh and Professor Ramsay."

“在元素周期表中，它们的原子序数分别是2、10、18、36、54、86。”

"The reason they are noble gases and do not participate in any reactions is that the outermost electrons of these elements form closed shells."

"For example, helium has an atomic number of 2, so it has two electrons, and those two electrons fill up the first shell."

"So, there are no electrons outside the closed shell of helium."

"According to my theory just now, only electrons outside the closed shell will participate in the reaction."

"Helium therefore has no extra electrons to participate in chemical reactions."

"By analogy, neon has 10 electrons outside its nucleus, so the first shell is still filled."

"The remaining eight electrons just fill up the second shell."

"There are still no extra electrons outside the second shell, so they can't participate in the reaction."

"The same goes for argon, krypton, xenon, and radon."

"Argon (18): 2 electrons in the first shell, 8 electrons in the second shell, 8 electrons in the third shell, a total of 18 electrons."

"Although the third shell of argon is not filled, its number of electrons is 8, which is still a closed shell, so it does not participate in the reaction."

"Krypton (36): 2 electrons in the first layer, 8 electrons in the second layer, 18 electrons in the third layer, and 8 electrons in the fourth layer, for a total of 36 electrons."

“氙（54）：电子排布方式为：2、8、18、18、8，总计54个电子。”

“氡（86）：电子排布方式为：2、8、18、32、18、8，总计86个电子。”

"It can be seen from this that the outermost layers of all noble gases are closed shells, which neither lose nor gain electrons, so they do not participate in chemical reactions."

"That's why they are inert in nature."

Wow!
When Li Qiwei reached this point while speaking and demonstrating, the people in the audience were completely stunned.

Everyone was shocked by this amazing theory.

Someone actually explained the reason for inert gases from a theoretical perspective.

It's really shocking!
"Oh my God, what am I seeing."

"Is Professor Bruce really a human? How could he come up with such an incredible theory?"

"The layers are just like an onion."

"The complexity of atoms is beyond my imagination. Just the arrangement of electrons outside the nucleus is so complicated."

"Professor Bruce is truly a god!"

Everyone was impressed on the spot.

This is an absolute crush of IQ!
At this moment, Heisenberg only felt his blood boiling, as if his body was about to explode.

"It's incredible!"

"too strong!"

“This is scientific research!”

"Compared to Professor Bruce, I feel like what I wrote before is just garbage."

"How ridiculous that I am still so smug about being called a genius by others?"

"According to this deduction, I roughly understand why sodium and chlorine are so active."

"Professor Bruce is so scary!"

"I must study at the Quantum Research Institute in the future!"

The first time Heisenberg saw Ridgway's scientific thinking, he was completely conquered.

How could there be such a godlike man in the world?

Even Pauli opened his mouth wide at this moment.

The whip of God cannot be used anymore when it encounters the real God of physics.

It can only be held in the other person's hand as a decoration.

Li Qiwei's supreme strength directly suppressed Pauli, who liked to argue with others. He kept muttering to himself: "Why is the relationship 2 times?"

In real history, Bohr gave a speech at the University of Göttingen in 1922, and the content was Ridgway's analysis process.

It was based on this speech that Pauli proposed the "Pauli Exclusion Principle."

This 2-fold relationship is the key to finding the fourth quantum number in the Bohr-Lee model.

The 2 times proposed by Bohr at the time was just a guess, because only in this way could the arrangement of electrons be well explained.

But later theory proved that 2 times was correct and there were deep-seated reasons for it.

This is what's so scary about top physicists.

Their intuition often somehow fits in with the essence of physics.

And now, Li Qiwei brought this terrible feeling to everyone present.

Planck, Einstein and others in the front row were all shocked.

Given their position, they certainly knew that the 2-fold relationship was the key to this theory.

But the other arrangement also deeply shocked them.

Because it's so clever.

Especially the concept of closed shell, which is as wild as a fantasy.

Einstein sighed to the big guys:
"In this world, only Bruce can come up with this theory."

The bosses nodded and agreed with it.

Nernst even said bluntly: "Bruce introduced quantum theory into chemistry for the first time."

"The existence of this theory in chemistry is no less important than the theory of relativity in physics."

“Bruce is to chemistry what he was to physics.”

"It's really scary!"

After listening to Nernst's analysis, the bosses realized that the man had once again created a miracle.

He dominated the two major fields of physics and chemistry and reached the highest level in both.

It’s too shocking!

At this moment, Li Qiwei's analysis is not over yet:

“I believe many people can draw inferences from this.”

"Having accepted the above theory, we can now analyze sodium and chlorine."

"Chlorine is in the column just before the noble gases."

"From top to bottom: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine." (Astatine was not discovered until 1940)
"Their atomic numbers are 9, 17, 35, and 53, respectively, which means they have one less electron than their noble gas counterparts."

"According to the rules of electron configuration."

"Chlorine's electron configuration is: 2, 8, 7, for a total of 17 electrons."

"You can see that chlorine has seven electrons in its outermost shell, so it's not a closed shell."

"So these seven electrons are eager to get one more electron so that they can form a closed shell."

“So, chlorine is very active chemically and is very toxic.”

"Similarly, the column where sodium is located, from top to bottom, is: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium."

“它们的原子序数分别是：3、11、19、37、55。”

"So, the electron configuration of sodium is: 2, 8, 1."

"You can see that sodium has only one electron in its outermost shell, so it is not a closed shell either."

"So the sodium would really like to lose this electron so that it can form a closed shell."

“So, sodium is very chemically active and reacts violently when placed in water.”

"However, when sodium and chlorine are combined, something magical happens."

"Sodium can share that unwanted electron with chlorine."

"This way, the outermost layers of both sodium and chlorine become closed shells."

"So sodium chloride is very stable and can even be eaten."

"Two tigers gave birth to a lamb."

“That’s the magic of chemistry.”

quiet!
Deathly silence!

The entire venue seemed to have been paused.

Everyone was so shocked that they couldn't make a sound.

This hearty speech allowed everyone to see what it means to be the best person in the world.

Instead of wearing away that man's elegance, time made him more mature, like a god or demon.

At this moment, he is the supreme god of chemistry!

Overlooking the world!

In their eyes, the world changes like a passing cloud.

God's enlightenment allows mortals to master the rules of the elements.

From then on, chemists had new theoretical tools.

All material things in the world have no secrets from human beings.

What a great achievement!
"God, I can't imagine what Professor Bruce's position in the chemistry world will be after today."

"All chemists would go crazy."

"He is simply the god of chemistry!"

“It’s hard to imagine that quantum theory is so great.”

"Why is it that when I study quantum theory, I can only calculate orbital energy levels every day, while Professor Bruce subverts the world as soon as he makes a move?"

“I want to go to the Quantum Research Institute.”

At this moment, no matter whether they are ordinary students or gifted students like Heisenberg and Pauli.

Even physics giants like Planck, Einstein and Laue were all conquered by Ridgway.

Especially Planck, he would never have thought that the theory he and that young man had developed to this level today.

Planck suddenly smiled happily.

He knew that no matter what the future held, his name would be recorded in history books.

In 1900, in Cambridge, on the bridge of Cambridge, a young man and a middle-aged man inadvertently changed the direction of the world.

Einstein murmured:
"Bruce, no wonder you didn't study the unified theory."

"So you have studied quantum theory to this extent."

"Although I don't think it plays any role in unification, I admit that you have defeated me once again."

"My theory is just a fantasy, but you have actually revolutionized chemistry and even changed other disciplines."

"I'm not as good as you!"

Einstein was deeply moved.

Nernst next to him was speechless for a long time.

With a Bruce like this, who would dare to say that his winning the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was a fluke?

However, just when everyone thought that Li Qiwei's speech was about to end.

The following content completely pushed the scene to its climax.

It also laid an unparalleled foundation for Li Qiwei's future title of "Father of Modern Chemistry".

He suddenly said:

"I have another idea about the combination of sodium and chlorine."

"Perhaps this can help us better understand the nature of chemical reactions."

"That's how the atoms are held together?"

boom!
The whole audience was shocked!

(End of this chapter)