Rebirth: I am in Jin-Cha-Ji

Of course it is not just the CPI.

Now, because of its defeat, the Congress Party was facing considerable criticism. The Congress Party was already unhappy with these opposition parties' criticisms. Seizing the opportunity presented by Nehru's plan to arrest opposition leaders, these local Congress leaders united to deal with the opposition. While there wasn't as much bloodshed as the CPI, many were still killed in the chaos.

Besides the Congress Party and the opposition, there were also serious conflicts within the Congress Party. Like the Kuomintang, the Congress Party was a hodgepodge of factions.

Although these local powerful groups are all members of the Congress Party, their goal is to maintain their own interests in the local area. Their interests are different from those of the Congress Party members who supported Nehru's central government.

In peacetime, Nehru's prestige was high, and the powerful factions in these places could not do anything. But now it is so chaotic.

They took this opportunity to purge those Congress Party members who were affecting their local interests.

In just one night, chaos broke out in many parts of India. You catch me, I kill you, big fish eat small fish, small fish eat shrimp.

Nehru's arrest order caused chaos throughout India and really caused a huge mess.

The local power groups were becoming increasingly powerful in the local area, and the Communist Party of India, which had been hit, convened a meeting in Kolkata overnight.

The CPI has developed to the point where it has a strong base. However, the CPI's numerous factions have led to vacillations in its central government policies. Furthermore, because the Soviet Union supported Nehru's government, the CPI's overall policies were pro-Nehru.

But now the Ministry of Home Affairs has arrested a large number of CPI leaders, some of whom have been shot, and more than 1500 party members have been killed. Although Nehru stepped in to stop it, the situation at the local level has shown no signs of changing, on the contrary, it remains very serious.

In many places, the calls for fighting and killing the Communist Party of India were very loud, and Nehru was unable to suppress them at all.

On September 1961, 9, the fourth day of the counterattack against India, the Chinese army was still advancing. As a result, great chaos broke out in India.

Serious fighting broke out in West Bengal, India. Some local landowners in West Bengal were planning to kill off members of the Communist Party of India (KPM), but they didn't expect the KPM to accept the situation as they did elsewhere.

On the contrary, the Indian Communist Party here organized more than 3000 farmers, attacked the local police station, and then destroyed the local landlord armed forces that were similar to the security group.

The CPI has a strong base in West Bengal, with support from many rural communities. While they initially sought to seize power peacefully, this doesn't mean they lack resistance. After the CPI's initial resistance in West Bengal, resistance groups organized by the CPI emerged in several locations across the state.

The CPI Central Committee openly criticized Nehru in order to evade responsibility for the defeat and policy mistakes.

They unscrupulously arrested leaders of the Communist Party of India and other opposition parties and killed members of the opposition parties.

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of India demanded that Nehru resign, take responsibility for the defeat, and take responsibility for violating the Indian Constitution.

Nehru immediately criticized the CPI's actions in West Bengal as rebellion and called the CPI a traitor colluding with China.

Nehru made a tough statement that if the CPI did not change its current practices, he would declare the CPI an illegal political party and use force to deal with it.

Of course, despite Nehru's loud words, he actually had no confidence at all. The vanguard of the Chinese army had already passed through the Siliguri Corridor and arrived in West Bengal. What if the Communist Party of India received China's support and controlled West Bengal?

This is not impossible. Because India currently has no mobile forces to stop the Chinese army. If the Communist Party of India gets support from China and controls West Bengal, there will be nothing we can do.

While Nehru and the Communist Party of India were blaming each other, Pakistan organized its troops to attack Indian troops in the Kashmir region.

The Indian army in Kashmir actually has a stronger combat capability than the Pakistani army. But now the Indian army has been beaten by the Chinese army like a frightened bird, and has no mood to fight.

The troops in Kashmir, in particular, are most worried about being cut off by the Chinese army. If the Chinese army controls the traffic from New Delhi to Kashmir, they will surely die.

As a result, in the Kashmir region, the Indian army did not want to fight at all, and was defeated by the Pakistani troops. In less than a day, Pakistan took over one-third of the territory.

The war situation had deteriorated to such an extent that Nehru no longer cared about the "Non-Aligned Movement" or his face. He openly appealed to the United States, asking the United States to "uphold justice" and send troops to stop the aggression of China and Pakistan.

Nehru's public statement directly threw away the halo he had always had.

The leading country has completely lost the power to lead the Non-Aligned Movement.

The world's opinion of India plummeted to rock bottom. It can't fight wars, and its political promises are worthless.

1121 Humble Nehru

A defeat exposed India's biggest problem.

That is India's seemingly stable regime.

The nationalism that is united as one is completely a castle in the air.

India is not a complete national regime. There is no unified political idea among the ethnic groups in India, nor is there a unified religious belief in the country, nor is there a consistent demand for interests.

On the contrary, India is fragmented, and each ethnic group has its own history, culture, and religious beliefs.

Each local powerful group has its own sphere of influence and its own interests, which run counter to the central government's policies.

In short, India lacks a unified concept. India emerged because the British forcibly connected their colonies, creating India. It wasn't because India was a unified nation that it emerged after breaking free from colonial rule.

India has been independent for only fourteen years. In just over a decade, it is impossible for all ethnic groups in India to reach a consensus on the issue of unification.

As the main leader of India's independence movement and an Indian political leader as famous as Gandhi, Nehru has high prestige, strong skills, and considerable power in his hands.

Therefore, Nehru was able to suppress the original ethnic extremist forces, religious extremist forces, and local powerful groups.

Nehru carefully maintained a balance between various ethnic groups and religions, preventing extremist forces from disrupting this balance. If this situation continues for decades, then all forces in India will gradually accept India as a unified country.

Even though there are huge conflicts between them, the general trend is to accept their Indian national identity. However, this takes time, not just a dozen years, but decades or even hundreds of years of publicity and education, and decades or even hundreds of years of recognition.

In 1961, the various ethnic groups in India had not yet completed this kind of education and publicity, nor had they achieved this kind of social recognition.

So when the Indian army suffered a crushing defeat on the battlefield, Nehru's prestige was severely hit, and his deterrent effect on these extremist forces decreased, these political forces began to emerge.

Many powerful local groups seized this opportunity and sent telegrams to Nehru, stating that local unrest was rampant and that these extremist forces needed to be suppressed. However, local finances were insufficient, and they requested central support. Some even directly addressed Nehru, demanding that, in order to stabilize the local situation, he change India's current tax policy and retain more tax revenue at the local level.

At the same time, some local governments asked Nehru to give them more power in other areas, especially in the judicial and military fields, so that they could "legally" and more effectively crack down on these extremist forces.

These are still good. At least they still recognize the Indian government and are willing to continue to accept the leadership of the Nehru government.

They just want to use this opportunity to expand local power.

But in some places, the situation is completely different. Previously quiet independence advocates have emerged, publicly campaigning and promoting their claims. These individuals have considerable influence. Ethnic groups that have emerged from former colonies, having endured oppression from colonial powers, are particularly susceptible to nationalism. And nationalist slogans are particularly popular.

These ethnic extremists are particularly adept at nationalist propaganda. Their failure to gain traction in recent years isn't due to a lack of popular support, but rather to Nehru's exceptional ability to suppress these extremists.

Nehru was now too preoccupied with his own affairs to deal with them, which gave these ethnic extremists an opportunity to spread their ideas rapidly among their own ethnic groups.

Moreover, after years of crackdowns, these ethnic extremist forces have become much more mature. Rather than directly demanding independence, they are engaging with local powerful groups, or rather, with powerful groups within their own ethnic groups. They are trying to win over these local and ethnic powerful groups, hoping to work together to achieve independence. At the same time, they are promoting their own ideas within the Indian military.

Because the composition of the Indian army is different from that of the PLA. The PLA doesn't care where you come from. Once you arrive at the army, you must obey the army's arrangements. Soldiers from the same village, after the training is completed,

Rarely assigned together.

But that's not the case in India. If you divide people up like this in India, no one will be able to communicate. India has so many ethnic groups and so many languages, and communication between different ethnic groups is impossible.

Another reason is that there are many religious factions, and therefore different living habits. Forcing them together is likely to cause religious conflicts.

Therefore, the Indian army has a very obvious regional characteristics.

Ethnicity and religion. A unit is made up of people from the same place, ethnic group, or religious beliefs. Therefore, a company, battalion, or even a brigade in the Indian Army often comes from the same place or ethnic group.

Therefore, these ethnic extremist forces began to publicize their ideas in the military, hoping that the military would support them.

Of course, although these extreme forces have political propositions,

But the organizational strength is not good. The real headache for the Congress Party is the Communist Party of India.

The Communist Party of India (CPI) is a well-organized Marxist-Leninist party with a clear political stance. Previously, it was a key component of Nehru's government. With the exception of a few radical factions within the party, it generally supported Nehru. The CPI Central Committee has always acknowledged Nehru's contributions to the Indian independence movement and his legitimacy as India's leader.

So the CPI abandoned its previous strategy of armed struggle.

They were willing to engage in legal parliamentary struggles to advance their political ideas. Therefore, the Indian National Congress led by Nehru and the Communist Party of India hit it off.

However, due to Nehru's operational errors, numerous bloody incidents occurred between the Congress Party and the CPI at the local level. Or perhaps it wasn't the Congress Party that was responsible, but rather some local landlords. The problem was that these local landlords were generally members of the Congress Party. So, in the end, it was still a matter of Congress and the CPI.

After the CPI revolt in West Bengal, the relationship between the Congress and the CPI became even more hostile. The CPI Central Committee and Nehru blamed each other, leading to the public conflict between the two sides.

Since Nehru had already started a conflict with the Communist Party of India, the local forces of the Congress Party, that is, the local landlord class, took this opportunity to spread the word that the Communist Party of India was a spy developed by China in India, and the purpose of the Communist Party of India was to cooperate with China in invading India.

After creating a lot of public opinion, the local landlord class instigated local Congress Party bosses to mobilize local military and police forces to arrest and kill Communist Party of India members on a large scale.

It can be said that the balance of power among various parties in India that Nehru had carefully maintained for more than ten years was completely destroyed in just a few days.

As India's second-largest political party, the Communist Party of India (CPI) is not one to be tamed or to accept fate. How could the CPI accept that its main leaders were wiped out by Nehru in a matter of days, with thousands of party members killed or injured?

Therefore, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of India held a series of emergency meetings in Calcutta to re-elect the leadership. A group of more radical leaders who supported the revolution came to power.

They made a new analysis of Indian society and readjusted the future work of the Communist Party of India.

The CPI Central Committee believes that the Indian state is a machine of joint rule by the bourgeoisie, dominated by the big bourgeoisie, and the landlord class; Indian society is a peculiar mixture of dominant monopoly capitalism and caste, sectarian, and tribal systems, and is a semi-feudal, semi-capitalist society. The new CPI Central Committee has completely overturned the previous CPI Central Committee's assertion that Indian society is already capitalist.

The CPI Central Committee believes that the Indian people today,

They are oppressed by the feudal landlord class, by monopoly capitalism, and by imperialism.

The Indian National Congress, as the ruling party of the Indian government, is a coalition of India's feudal landlord class, monopoly bourgeoisie, and comprador bourgeoisie. They defend the interests of the feudal landlord class, monopoly bourgeoisie, and comprador bourgeoisie, and they defend the feudal caste system and the feudal tribal system.

Based on this analysis, the CPI Central Committee believes that the nature of the revolution facing the CPI is a people's democratic revolution against feudalism, imperialism, and monopoly capital, and for democracy. The path of revolution should be a broad people's democratic front composed of workers, peasants, the petty bourgeoisie, and the lower strata of the national bourgeoisie. Under the leadership of the working class, it should overthrow the Congress Party, a reactionary party that has wantonly trampled on the Indian Constitution.

The next major task of the CPI was to launch extensive land reforms and at the same time completely end the feudal caste system and feudal tribal system.

Although the CPI Central Committee was very angry and changed its policies one after another, it still did not formally propose an armed revolution.

In those states where the CPI has extensive influence, the grassroots of the CPI have begun to implement the land revolution they want.

India is very poor, with many impoverished rural areas. For example, in West Bengal, why are there so many people supporting the Communist Party of India? The main reason is that there are so many poor farmers in this area. Under the oppression of the caste system and the tribal system,

The peasants had no chance to rise up. However, the CPI's land revolution quickly gained a lot of support from the peasants in West Bengal.

However, the Indian Communist Party's grassroots land revolution greatly stimulated the local Congress Party. Many people in the local Congress Party came from the landlord class. If you carry out the land revolution, it will kill us.

They feared the CPI would also launch a land revolution in their own territory, so they intensified their crackdown on the CPI. This forced many local CPI organizations to go underground. Although Nehru had not yet declared the CPI an illegal political party, local authorities had already treated it as such.

The more blows the PKI suffered and the more casualties it suffered, the more radical forces within the party grew, and the more PKI members supported the armed struggle.

Even some grassroots members of the Communist Party of India have begun to organize armed forces.

Faced with the chaotic situation in the country, Nehru now has no idea what to do. Now Nehru's orders really cannot leave New Delhi.

On the one hand, the front was constantly losing battles, and on the other hand, the country was becoming increasingly chaotic. Nehru's arrest of so many opposition leaders not only failed to silence them, but instead caused great unrest in the country.

So Nehru could only turn to the United States and the Soviet Union, hoping that they would come forward to resolve this serious situation.

“What is the situation in India?”

Kennedy felt like he had aged a lot in the past few months because nothing could be solved smoothly.

To this day, Kennedy still cannot understand how the Sino-Indian War was fought. Originally, Kennedy thought that even if the Indian army could not defeat China, it could at least contain a lot of Chinese forces and buy some time for the United States in Indochina.

But what happens now?

Nehru was very humble and wrote a letter to Kennedy in a pleading tone, hoping that the United States could help India. Nehru has been very popular in the world for the past ten years.

When have I ever been so humble?

So Kennedy knew that the current situation in India must be very bad.

"According to the intelligence we received, the Indian Army deployed about 70 brigades in the northeast, divided into three divisions, including some civilian personnel, totaling about troops. However, after only about hours of fighting, the Indian army was almost completely wiped out, and less than people managed to escape."

Lyman Lanitzer gave Kennedy a detailed report on the situation in India.