Rebirth: I am in Jin-Cha-Ji
Page 940
Furthermore, China's entire long-wave radio station, from machinery and equipment to technology, was sourced from the Soviet Union. There was even some Soviet investment. Naturally, the Soviet Union was to be allowed to use it.
China can also learn how to use long-wave radio from the Soviet Union's use of long-wave radio.
While China and the Soviet Union were conducting these negotiations, the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam officially notified China and the Soviet Union that they would wage a war of unification.
The Vietnamese Workers' Party was now full of confidence. During the past year and a half, the Soviet Union provided equipment to 24 infantry divisions and two armored divisions of the Vietnamese People's Army, and also helped the Vietnamese People's Army to form 10 anti-aircraft artillery regiments and 40 independent anti-aircraft artillery battalions.
The Soviet Union also planned to equip the Vietnamese People's Army with 10 air force divisions. However, Vietnam's air force was completely lacking in basic equipment. Therefore, China and the Soviet Union established a flight academy in Hunan to help Vietnam train pilots. As a result, Vietnam has only received two air force regiments.
In addition to these military equipment, the Soviet Union sent over 50000 trucks, over 7000 jeeps, and over 24000 motorcycles. China also provided Vietnam with over 16000 bicycles.
There was even more support in the form of other items. Not to mention medicines, medical equipment, military canned goods, clothing and shoes, there were even hundreds of thousands of sewing machines, all of which were manufactured in Chinese factories.
When a country with a population of tens of millions goes to war, involving hundreds of thousands or even millions of troops, the amount of supplies required is staggering.
Of course, support alone is not enough. Vietnam also needs to develop its own economy, so it chooses to export coal and iron ore, resources that China needs, to China.
The coal is primarily shipped from Quang Ninh, Vietnam, to Guangdong via sea freight. Guangdong's rapid industrial development has led to a growing demand for shipping, electricity, and steel. However, these developments require large quantities of coal.
Guangdong's own coal production is low, while Quang Ninh, Vietnam, is abundant. Furthermore, sea transportation from Quang Ninh to Guangdong is well-developed, significantly lowering the cost of shipping coal from northern China and freeing up China's currently limited shipping capacity. Consequently, Guangdong has been importing large quantities of coal from Vietnam.
Iron ore is primarily needed in Guangxi and Yunnan. Liuzhou and Kunming Steel are both planning to expand production, each with a planned output of 400 million tons, requiring significant quantities of iron ore. Northern Vietnam, however, has a long history of producing iron ore, but lacks its own steel mills, leaving it uncertain how to process the ore.
China sent people to help Vietnam develop coal and iron ore, and then China imported these coal and iron ore to offset the imbalance in imports and exports between China and Vietnam.
After a year and a half of assistance, the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam is now full of confidence. They believe that the time has come to unify Vietnam.
The Chinese and Soviet military advisory groups also provided the current situation of the Vietnam People's Army to the Chinese and Soviet governments respectively.
The Soviets were anxious, or rather, Khrushchev was getting impatient. Khrushchev was unwilling to lose even a second. The standoff between the US and the Soviet Union in Berlin and the Middle East was intensifying. Khrushchev needed a breakthrough in Indochina to contain American forces.
The Soviet advisory group was also aware of this situation, so they gave Khrushchev the answer he wanted in their report. They had a relatively high opinion of the Vietnamese People's Army.
It is believed that after a year of training by the Chinese and Soviet military advisory groups, the Vietnam People's Army now has the strength to wage large-scale modern wars.
At the same time, they analyzed the South Vietnamese army and believed that they were completely vulnerable.
The reason why the Soviet military advisory group looked down upon the South Vietnamese army was that although the South Vietnamese army was basically equipped with American weapons, it had always performed poorly in the face of various guerrillas that emerged one after another in South Vietnam.
Under the organization of the US Military Advisory Group, several attempts to concentrate troops to wipe out the South Vietnamese National Liberation Armed Forces were unsuccessful, and instead suffered heavy casualties.
The US military advisory group personally trained 20,000 so-called "special forces" to encircle and suppress the guerrillas. However, although this force achieved some results, it was still unable to eliminate the South Vietnamese resistance.
Furthermore, the entire South Vietnamese government was utterly corrupt, with conflicts raging between the central and local governments over power struggles. Dozens of provinces in South Vietnam had seen countless top officials replaced in just a few years.
South Vietnam was in disarray, with no future in sight. Therefore, the Soviet military advisory group believed that now was the right time to unify South Vietnam.
Khrushchev was delighted when he received this report. He had been waiting for this day for almost two years. So he immediately sent a telegram to China, asking for its opinion.
The Central Committee replied to Khrushchev that China agreed with Khrushchev's opinion and could launch a war of unification of Vietnam.
In fact, the first half of the report submitted to the Central Committee by Zuo Quan, head of the Chinese Military Advisory Group, and Chen Zhonghe, deputy head of the group, contained opinions similar to those of the Soviet Military Advisory Group.
They all believed that the combat effectiveness of the Vietnamese People's Army was improving rapidly, and compared with the South Vietnamese troops, it had a clear advantage. Although the Vietnamese People's Army and the South Vietnamese troops had similar numbers, their combat effectiveness was completely different.
The Vietnamese People's Army had been preparing for the war of unification and was full of energy and morale. However, the biggest problem facing the South Vietnamese army was that they were demoralized and had no preparation for war.
However, later on, Zuo Quan and Chen Zhonghe also analyzed the problems of the Vietnam People's Army.
One reason is that many lower-ranking officers in the Vietnam People's Army, though well-trained, still had strong guerrilla tendencies and their understanding of the discipline required for large-scale combat was still very primitive.
Because the Vietnamese army had never really fought in large-scale troop operations, and fighting against the French was like fighting a losing battle, the middle and lower-level officers did not fully understand the importance of discipline in large-scale troop operations.
Another reason is that the Vietnam People's Army expanded too quickly, and many middle and senior officers had no experience in commanding large-scale combat.
This problem is particularly serious among senior officers of the Vietnam People's Army. Many generals who now command tens of thousands of troops only commanded a few hundred men in battle before.
Suddenly becoming a senior general, commanding so many troops to fight, and at the same time switching to Soviet-style equipment, caused them many problems in command.
Zuo Quan and Chen Zhonghe believed that the combat effectiveness of the Vietnam People's Army was stronger than that of the South Vietnamese army. However, this was not because the combat effectiveness of the Vietnam People's Army was so strong, but because the combat effectiveness of the South Vietnamese army was too weak.
The Vietnam People's Army is now full of confidence, but once it encounters a tough enemy on the battlefield, it will be easily defeated.
However, these reports from the Chinese military delegation were only internal reports. Now, China, the Soviet Union, and Vietnam were all on the verge of war, and no force could stop Vietnam's war for unification.
If it weren't for China's insistence, the Vietnamese Workers' Party would have launched the war half a year ago.
On December 1960, 12, the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam officially announced that it was colonialism that divided Vietnam into two countries and that Vietnam should have a unified government.
Therefore, the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam openly called for universal suffrage in Vietnam to elect the leaders of Vietnam and the new government of Vietnam. The National Liberation Front of South Vietnam immediately responded to the proposal of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam, stating that the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam was willing to lay down its arms and participate in the election, demanding universal suffrage in Vietnam.
Although the Workers' Party of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam operated under different political identities, everyone knew that they were in the same group. Therefore, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem, directly rejected Vietnam's request.
If Vietnam really had a general election, the winner would surely be the Vietnam Workers' Party. How could Ngo Dinh Diem agree to this?
On December 1960, 12, the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam officially announced that since the Republic of Vietnam would not accept universal suffrage, the only way to achieve unification was through force.
The Vietnamese People's Army then quickly moved south, launching the Vietnam War of Unification that influenced the world situation and also ushered in more than ten years of chaos in the entire Indochina Peninsula.
Vietnam's sudden launch of the war of unification took South Vietnam by surprise. In recent years, the Ngo Dinh Diem government has been plagued by intense internal power struggles, with the level of internal chaos even the United States, which supported Ngo Dinh Diem, could not tolerate.
Although American intelligence agencies had been reminding the Ngo Dinh Diem government that the North Vietnamese army had been preparing for war, the Ngo Dinh Diem government was busy fighting for power and no one cared about this matter.
As a result, the Vietnam Workers' Party has now launched a war of unification, and the Ngo Dinh Diem government has no idea what to do.
Fortunately, Ngo Dinh Diem knew that he had a master who cared about the situation in Indochina even more than he did.
So Ngo Dinh Diem immediately asked the United States for help and requested the United States to intervene to resolve this matter.
The United States had just concluded its presidential election, and Kennedy had just been elected. However, Kennedy had not yet entered the White House and would not officially assume the presidency until January 1961.
However, although he had not yet entered the White House, when Kennedy heard that North Vietnam had launched a war of unification, he immediately said that this was a blatant violation of the agreement reached at the Geneva Conference.
Like Truman and Eisenhower, Kennedy attached great importance to Indochina. They all believed that Indochina was related to the future of Southeast Asia and therefore could not be allowed to fall into the hands of the Communists.
Therefore, Kennedy called on Britain and France, China and the Soviet Union, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and the Republic of Vietnam to sit down and discuss the Vietnam issue.
Kennedy called for a diplomatic solution, and the U.S. military responded quickly, immediately sending warships from various military bases in Asia toward Vietnam.
At the same time, the military advisory group sent by the United States to South Vietnam immediately assembled the South Vietnamese army and formulated how to deal with the "invasion" of North Vietnam.
However, no matter how quickly the U.S. government and the South Vietnamese government reacted, the situation was still overwhelmingly in favor of North Vietnam.
The Vietnamese People's Army moved south very quickly. The many trucks, jeeps, and motorcycles provided by the Soviet Union were not just for show.
Although they encountered South Vietnamese troops along the way, they were equipped with American equipment and received training from American military advisers, but they still collapsed after the fighting.
Arguably, among the regimes supported by the United States, the Chiang Kai-shek clique possessed the most powerful military. While not particularly impressive, the Chiang Kai-shek clique at least possessed a relatively comprehensive political and military education system. This provided logistical support and a large number of officers with formal military training.
Compared to other regimes supported by the United States, each one is worse than the other. Compared to the Chiang Kai-shek group, it is not even slightly worse.
This was the case with the Ngo Dinh Diem regime. With over 300,000 American-equipped troops, they looked powerful. However, when confronted head-on by the Vietnamese People's Army, they were no match for them.
In just two weeks, the Vietnamese People's Army's vanguard had advanced more than 300 kilometers southward, killing, wounding, and capturing more than South Vietnamese troops along the way.
The war had only been going on for half a month, but it was clear how vulnerable the South Vietnamese army was. Many South Vietnamese troops collapsed after only one or two hours of resistance.
After the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam announced the war of unification, the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, which essentially accepted the leadership of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam, immediately called on all resistance forces in South Vietnam to unite to overthrow the Ngo Dinh Diem regime and establish a unified Vietnam.
The Southern Democratic Liberation Armed Forces, which had previously been fighting guerrilla warfare in the countryside, began to gather and attack some small cities.
When they were scattered all over the place, the United States and the South Vietnamese government had no concrete understanding of the strength of the South Vietnam National Liberation Armed Forces.
But when they gathered together, their strength surprised the American military advisory group.
Because the South Vietnam National Liberation Armed Forces had unknowingly gathered tens of thousands of troops.
The Vietnamese People's Army in the north quickly moved south, and various armed forces appeared in various parts of South Vietnam, forcing the South Vietnamese military and police to retreat step by step.
In a short period of time, the Diem regime was already on the verge of collapse, and some high-ranking officials of the Diem regime had already begun packing their bags and preparing to flee Vietnam.
The South Vietnamese regime's troops were terrified when they saw the Vietnamese People's Army crushing the South Vietnamese troops. Senior military generals, like senior government officials, wanted to flee Vietnam.
The situation deteriorated so quickly that Ngo Dinh Diem had no choice but to keep asking the United States for help.
Although the United States deployed troops, it had not originally intended to intervene in the Vietnam War so quickly because it was not yet ready to intervene in the Vietnam War.
However, the situation in Vietnam deteriorated too quickly, which was completely beyond the United States' expectations. Or perhaps the United States did not expect that the South Vietnamese troops they had invested heavily in training would be so vulnerable.
If the United States does not intervene, with the current speed of the Vietnamese People's Army's advance, it will be no problem to take over the entire South Vietnam within half a year.
Therefore, the US military had no choice but to intervene in the Vietnam War. The US military chose to use bombers and armed helicopters to participate in the bombing of the Vietnamese People's Army.
The bombing primarily targeted the Vietnamese People's Army's logistics, specifically transportation lines and oil storage tanks. However, the US military intervened hastily and failed to conduct adequate reconnaissance. As a result, six bombers and helicopter gunships involved in the attack were shot down by Vietnamese anti-aircraft artillery.
The US military lost six planes at once, so of course it would not give up.
Immediately dispatch warships to attack the North Vietnamese coastline and some islands, and then blockade North Vietnam. At the same time, begin to dispatch aircraft from various military bases in Asia to expand the bombing of the Vietnamese People's Army.
However, although this kind of bombing by the United States had some impact on North Vietnam, it could not stop the pace of the Vietnamese People's Army at all.
Should South Vietnam be abandoned? Of course not. Vietnam was the most important country in Indochina, and losing Vietnam could potentially crumble the entire Indochina region. So the United States immediately convened a meeting to discuss how to deal with the situation in Vietnam.
1095 Streamlining Organization
A single stone can cause a thousand ripples. The outbreak of the Vietnam War attracted the attention of many countries.
The United States reacted most strongly. At the United Nations, its representatives accused North Vietnam of sabotaging the Geneva Conference and demanded that the United Nations organize a force to intervene in Vietnam.
The United States was really anxious because the situation in Vietnam was deteriorating too quickly. The Vietnamese Workers' Party and the People's Army had been preparing for a year and a half, but now they were suddenly launching an attack. In addition, the South Vietnamese army was performing too poorly, which led to the Vietnamese People's Army advancing too quickly.
The Diem regime in South Vietnam, having retreated to a few cities, was already in a state of panic. Seeing that the entire country was about to fall into the hands of the Vietnamese Workers' Party, the United States naturally could not agree.
From Truman to Eisenhower and now Kennedy, they all understood one thing clearly: Vietnam and Indochina must remain in turmoil. If Indochina fell into the Red Camp, all of Southeast Asia would be insecure.
If the Soviet Union, after taking over Indochina, continued southward to control the Strait of Malacca, Southeast Asia would have truly fallen into Soviet hands. If the Soviet Union controlled the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea, and then China and the Soviet Union joined forces in Europe, the Middle East, East Asia, and Southeast Asia, the balance of the Cold War would have tilted towards the socialist camp.
This was something the United States, as the leader of the Western nations, could not allow strategically. However, the US's idea of uniting everyone in the United Nations to put pressure on North Vietnam was rejected by the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union directly refuted the US representative's views at the United Nations. The Soviet Union stated that the Vietnam War was only a civil war in Vietnam, an internal affair of Vietnam. Other countries had no right to intervene.
The US representative was very angry about the Soviet representative's views. He said that the weapons and equipment of the Vietnam People's Army were provided by the Soviet Union and that the Vietnam People's Army was trained by the Soviet Union. He criticized the Vietnam People's Army's military actions as being directed by the Soviet Union, and said that the Soviet Union was the culprit in provoking the Vietnam War. He fiercely criticized the Soviet Union for undermining peace.
The Soviet representative immediately hit back, saying that the weapons and equipment of the South Vietnamese army were provided by the United States and the South Vietnamese army was trained by the United States, so there was no problem for the Soviet Union to provide weapons and equipment to the Vietnam People's Army and train the Vietnam People's Army.
At the same time, the Soviet Union stated that it had no troops stationed in Vietnam, but the United States had more than 20,000 soldiers in Vietnam. The culprit who destroyed peace in Vietnam was not the Soviet Union, but the United States.
The two sides exchanged words, but the Soviet representatives were not in a hurry because the Vietnamese People's Army now had an absolute advantage.
But the United States didn't have that much time to waste. So, forced to do so, it wanted to drag more countries into the battlefield. Thus, the Vietnam War evolved from a civil war in Vietnam into an international conflict.
As a result, few countries responded to the United States at the United Nations. Even Britain and France, while following the United States in criticizing the outbreak of the Vietnam War, showed no intention of sending troops.
Britain is an old fox. Although it also knows that the Vietnam issue can easily lead to chaos in the Indochina Peninsula, Britain is more self-aware.
The situation in Vietnam is deteriorating so rapidly at this stage that the UK wants to see how the situation develops, especially to see what the US will do, before making a decision.
If the US ultimately abandons Vietnam, then there is no point for Britain to intervene now. If the US does not abandon Vietnam and engages in a serious contest with the Soviet Union in Vietnam, it would be even better if the human brains were to be defeated.
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