Three Kingdoms: I, Liu Feng, do not want to die

Chapter 172 Preparation for the Northern Expedition, Liu Bei's Strategic Deployment (6K)

Fa Zheng’s death star is flickering.

We finally survived Meng Da’s defection, and now we have to start 007 and work endless overtime?

Different abilities, different efficiencies.

With Zhuge Liang's ability to handle government affairs, he has to work overtime every day. Fa Zheng's ability to handle government affairs is weaker than Zhuge Liang, so he will have to work overtime more frequently.

Fa Zheng could already foresee that his life would be dark and gloomy after taking over Zhuge Liang's duties!
Are you trying to tire me to death?

Why didn't Fa Zheng compete with Zhuge Liang for the position of Shangshu?
Because Fazheng knows himself well!
It is not necessary to hold power in your hands to be wise.

Life is about less work, more money and being close to home!

If you stay up late every day to work overtime and still can't finish your work, that's torture!
Fa Zheng's pursuit in life was not to seize power and torture himself, but to follow Liu Bei in the Northern Expedition, make meritorious contributions, leave his name in history, and enjoy life.

How can staying up late to work overtime on government affairs compare to being heroic and brave in expanding territory?
Fa Zheng suddenly became suspicious: The Prime Minister and the Prince of Yan seem to be arguing, but are they actually targeting me?
Guan Yu, who was standing by, also noticed something was wrong at this moment.

Although Zhuge Liang and Liu Feng were not close on a daily basis, they were far from being so close that they needed to compete with each other.

But today we had a quarrel!
Zhuge Liang's words "fierce and difficult to control" and Liu Feng's words "villain" were both thrown in each other's faces.

Liu Feng even started banging the table and shouting angrily.

Very well acted!

But you two think we are all senile and old?
Looking at the reactions of Liu Bei and Liu Chan, Guan Yu suddenly understood: So, Meng Qi, I and Minister Fa are the only ones who don't know about this?

Well, no.

It doesn’t matter whether Mengqi knew about it or not.

Meng Qi was eager to follow the prince to Yizhou!
and so.

Is this specially performed for me and Minister Fa?
The atmosphere now is a bit weird.

Zhuge Liang/Liu Feng: Good cooperation! (Happy) (*^▽^*)
Liu Chan: My heart is excited and my hands are shaking! (Excited) (><)
Ma Chao: Eating cakes quietly! (Delicious) (`)
Fa Zheng: I am speechless! (Speechless) O__O “…

Guan Yu: I don’t know what to say! (helpless)╮(╯▽╰)╭

Liu Bei: Without me, this family will all fall apart! (black line) ￣□￣｜｜

a long time.

Fa Zheng took a long breath and looked at Zhuge Liang: "Prime Minister, your talent is obvious to all. I don't think you need to prove it to His Royal Highness the Prince of Yan. Why don't I go in your place?"

The voice just fell.

Liu Feng slammed the table again: "Minister Fa, this is a matter between me and the Prime Minister, please don't interfere! You have to stay in Jiangling to take charge of the government! I don't believe that without the Prime Minister, the government of Jiangling can still be in chaos."

The corners of Fa Zheng's mouth twitched, and he really wanted to say: Without the Prime Minister, the government in Jiangling will be really chaotic!
It’s not that I underestimate myself!

When it comes to handling government affairs, I am not worthy of being compared with the Prime Minister!

Just as Fa Zheng was about to retort, Liu Chan, who had received a signal from Liu Feng, finally had his chance to speak, and he stood up and said, "Please listen to me, everyone.

Since I became the crown prince, I have achieved little, and I always feel guilty. I hate that I can't contribute to the country, and I hate that I can't share my father's worries.

now.

Father wants to entrust me with an important task, how can I refuse it just because I am young? As a prince, if you encounter difficulties, you should be brave first, and then make good use of the advice of wise ministers.

I was also the governor of Yizhou and the general of the Western Expedition. Entering Yizhou and leading the generals to the northern expedition to Yongzhou was part of my job.

Now that my brother is in northern Jing, holding back Zhang He, Xu Huang and others, and with the help of the Prime Minister, the General of Cavalry and the generals of Yizhou, why should we worry about not being able to capture Yongzhou?

I hope you can lend me a helping hand! "

Done.

Liu Chan bowed and saluted to everyone.

Looking at Liu Chan, who was excited but spoke clearly, a smile also spread across Liu Bei's face.

My son, not bad!
There was a hint of surprise in Guan Yu's eyes when he looked at Liu Chan. It was obviously the first time he saw Liu Chan like this.

soon.

Guan Yu's face was also filled with smiles.

Guan Yu has always been an absolute supporter of Liu Chan.

Seeing Liu Chan's immature but responsible performance at this moment, Guan Yu's joy was no less than Liu Bei's!

"Guan originally wanted to go with the prince, but unfortunately I am busy with military affairs in Jingzhou and cannot leave easily. Mengqi, please don't refuse." Guan Yu changed his tone and looked at Ma Chao.

Ma Chao, who had been eating cakes silently, stood up suddenly after hearing Guan Yu's words, patted his chest and assured: "General, rest assured, as long as I arrive in Yongzhou, tens of thousands of Dongqiang and Di people can all be used by the prince!"

Fa Zheng opened his mouth, but hesitated to speak.

General?
General of Cavalry?

Do you know what you are talking about?

The atmosphere is here.

The prince went to Yizhou personally as the chief general, and the matter was basically settled.

Fa Zheng suddenly regretted presenting Li Yan's victory report directly to Liu Bei, and also regretted supporting Li Yan in capturing Yongzhou.

After all this, I was the one who suffered!

Fa Zheng really wanted to say "no"!
But seeing everyone's reactions, Fa Zheng couldn't say the word "no".

Especially at this moment, Liu Bei looked at Liu Chan with such doting and pride that he was almost about to ask everyone to praise the "Prince has the demeanor of His Majesty".

Seeing Liu Chan's gaze, Fa Zheng sighed and said, "I am also willing to lend a helping hand to the Crown Prince."

Everyone is tacitly understanding.

Liu Feng no longer "argued" with Zhuge Liang.

The atmosphere instantly became harmonious.

Liu Bei made a decisive decision: "In this case, we can lie and say that there is a rebellion in the south. I will send the crown prince, the prime minister and the general of cavalry to the south to appease the barbarians at the court meeting tomorrow.

All matters of the Prime Minister's Office are temporarily under the jurisdiction of the Secretariat, and are coordinated by Minister Fa.

As for matters such as mobilizing troops, transporting grain, instigating rebellion among the Yongzhou nobles, and winning over the Eastern Qiang and Di people required to capture Yongzhou, these were carried out by the crown prince, the prime minister, the general of cavalry, and the generals of Dongchuan in cooperation.

The task of creating a false army to tie down Zhang He and Xu Huang was left to the Prince of Yan.

All subpoenas must be kept confidential.”

Although we want to capture Yongzhou, it will not be accomplished in one or two months.

It takes time to mobilize troops.

It takes time to transport food.

It takes time to incite the Yongzhou nobles to rebel.

It takes time to win over the Eastern Qiang and Di people.

It would take time to create a false army in northern Jing to tie down Zhang He and Xu Huang.

and many more.

Liu Bei was not in a hurry either.

It would take at least two months for Cao Pi to withdraw his troops from Ruxukou.

Conquering prefectures and counties always takes a lot of time and effort.

Especially during Yizhou's Northern Expedition, the roads were even more difficult to travel.

It took Li Yan two years to capture Wudu Yinping.

It will take a lot of time to capture Yongzhou.

After discussing some details, Liu Bei left Liu Chan alone.

After all, it was the first time that Liu Chan was asked to take on such a heavy responsibility, so it was normal for Liu Bei, as his father, to feel uneasy.

Liu Feng traveled with Ma Chao.

Everyone was there just now, so Ma Chao was in a difficult position to express his opinion.

At this time, Ma Chao and Liu Feng were traveling alone, and he said frankly: "Your Highness, I will repay you for your recommendation in the future."

Ma Chao spoke from the heart.

Don't avoid it.

Firstly, Ma Chao's mental illness was cured by Liu Feng, and secondly, Ma Chao was actually recommended by Liu Feng to follow Liu Chan to capture Yongzhou.

Grace is grace.

For someone like Ma Chao, who was born in Xiliang and was less scheming than people in the Central Plains, speaking frankly showed more sincerity.

"General Hussar, there is no need to do this. We are all working for the country, regardless of who we are."

Liu Feng casually ignored Ma Chao's straightforward promise.

After a pause, he continued, "I have something to say, and I hope General Huoqi will consider it after he arrives in Yizhou."

Ma Chao said in a stern tone: "Your Highness, please feel free to speak."

Liu Feng said slowly: "In the past, when General Huoqi led an army to fight against Cao, many people in Yongzhou hated General Huoqi because of the war, and some people were frightened by his bad reputation.

I have no intention to argue about the right and wrong of the past; however, the General of Cavalry is accompanying the Crown Prince to take Yongzhou this time, and he represents the reputation of the Han Dynasty as well as the Crown Prince.

When trying to win over the Eastern Qiang and Di people, you can promise them great benefits, but you must enforce military discipline, and everything must be done with the Prime Minister in mind. You must not act arbitrarily and harm the people of Yongzhou."

Attracting the Hu for assistance is a military measure.

Enforcing military discipline is a political necessity.

If military discipline cannot be enforced and only military means are pursued, this is not what Liu Feng wants to see.

The biggest difference between Liu Bei and Cao Cao in using troops is that Liu Bei values benevolence while Cao Cao values violence.

The two men's styles of deploying troops also determine their respective supporters.

The people who yearn for benevolence will support Liu Bei.

The people who despise benevolence will support Cao Cao.

If the people of Yongzhou discovered that Liu Chan's army was essentially no different from Cao Wei's army and that they were both bandits, then no matter whether they yearned for benevolence or despised it, they would not support Liu Chan.

Not to mention welcoming you with food and drink!

Ma Chao also knew his old reputation in Yongzhou, and felt guilty about it.

Especially in the Jicheng Incident, Ma Chao's wife and son were killed, and many people were brutally murdered.

Although it was the powerful families who betrayed first, not all of them were implicated.

This is also why the people of Yongzhou changed from supporting Ma Chao because they were dissatisfied with Cao Cao at the beginning to supporting Cao Cao because they were dissatisfied with Ma Chao.

"I will keep your words in mind, Your Highness."

Ma Chao did not make excuses for the past, but simply bowed and expressed his promise.

Liu Feng added: "I feel relieved with General Huoqi's words.

In addition, Li Yan, the governor of Dongchuan, and Meng Da, the prefect of Wenshan County, are very selfish and may be dissatisfied with the prime minister's participation in military affairs.

The prince is young and unaccustomed to military affairs, and has little prestige in the army, so he may not be able to subdue Li Yan and Meng Da.

"Hanzhong Governor Wei Yan was personally taught by my father. Although we are not master and apprentice, we have a sense of gratitude and will never betray my father. If Li Yan and Meng Da are ignorant of their own limits and become arrogant because of their achievements, we can use Wei Yan to suppress them."

Although Ma Chao was a General of Cavalry, he had no soldiers or generals in Dongchuan after all.

If someone parachuted in from the imperial court wants to take power in a local area, he must do so by winning over one party and suppressing another.

Not to mention Li Yan, Liu Feng had personally experienced Meng Da's selfishness when he was in Shangyong.

If we cannot help the prince to take charge of the military power and cannot help Zhuge Liang to be at the core of decision-making, many unexpected events will occur in the capture of Yongzhou.

Liu Feng recommended Ma Chao to accompany Liu Chan and Zhuge Liang, with the intention of using Ma Chao's bravery and reputation to intimidate the generals in Dongchuan.

Ma Chao nodded and promised: "Don't worry, Your Highness. Even without Wei Yan, I can still subdue the two of them."

And on the other side.

Zhuge Liang traveled with Fa Zheng.

Seeing Fa Zheng's distressed face, Zhuge Liang felt a little guilty and apologized, "Xiaozhi, I didn't mean to shirk my duties. It was because I wanted the prince to establish his authority in the army that I had to accompany him. After I leave, I hope Xiaozhi can take care of the affairs of the court."

Fa Zhengyu complained: "Prime Minister, you are not unaware of my abilities. When it comes to making plans, I am the best. But when it comes to handling government affairs, I am not even half as good as you."

Zhuge Liang smiled and said, "Xiaozhi is too modest. You are a man of great talent, far superior to me. You will be able to handle the government affairs with ease."

Fa Zheng sighed, "Prime Minister, there are only you and me here, so don't flatter me like that. You know my character well, and if I meet someone who has a personal grudge against me, it will be difficult for me to be fair."

Fa Zheng did not shy away from speaking in front of Zhuge Liang.

Liu Bei had many talented people under his command, but many of them also had character flaws.

Such as the vindictive Fa Xiaozhi, the arrogant Liu Zichu, the narrow-minded Yang Weigong, the scaly Li Zhengfang, the sycophantic Meng Zijing, the cowardly Liao Gongyuan.
This is no longer a secret within the government or the public.

Ru Fazheng would seek revenge even for the slightest grievance.

For example, Liu Ba refused to please Liu Bei and regarded Zhang Fei as a pawn, and even Liu Bei did not take him seriously.

For example, Yang Yi couldn't stand anyone being better than himself.

For example, Li Yan was at odds with his colleagues and forced his subordinates to rebel.

For example, in order to please Liu Bei, Meng Da actually took the initiative to change his name to Zidu to avoid Liu Bei's uncle. When he changed his name, Liu Bei had not yet become emperor. What's more, the name he avoided was not Liu Bei's own name but the name of Liu Bei's uncle who had passed away long ago. It was a bit too much to please Liu Bei.

For example, Liao Li, who was responsible for the prefecture governor of Changsha, simply abandoned the city and fled when faced with Lu Meng's surprise attack on three counties, causing the officials of the three counties to be caught off guard and forced to surrender.

and many more.

There are many talented people, but also many with difficult personalities.

This is also the main reason why Liu Bei always handed over almost all government affairs other than military affairs to Zhuge Liang.

Among his civil and military officials, only Zhuge Liang could truly implement laws and regulations while also making officials, soldiers and civilians convinced.

According to historical records, Li Yan, who was demoted to a commoner by Zhuge Liang because of his mistakes, never doubted Zhuge Liang's fairness and selflessness, and always hoped that Zhuge Liang would re-employ him. Even after hearing of Zhuge Liang's death, Li Yan became so frustrated and desperate that he fell ill and died.

When Liu Bei entrusted his son to Zhuge Liang, he gave him the power to depose the emperor instead of Li Yan. This was because Liu Bei knew that if Zhuge Liang wanted to depose the emperor, it must mean that Liu Chan was not qualified to be assisted, and the ministers would not suspect that Zhuge Liang had selfish motives.

This shows Zhuge Liang's prestige among officials, soldiers and people!

Seeing Fa Zheng depreciating himself, Zhuge Liang could not bear it and said, "Xiao Zhi, don't worry too much.

Liang would give Xiaozhi a list of names. Regardless of whether Xiaozhi had any personal grudges against the people on the list, he would temporarily suppress his unhappiness for Liang's sake.

After Liang helps the prince capture Yongzhou, he will return to the court to share his worries with Xiaozhi."

Fa Zheng said gloomily: "Does the Prime Minister have to go with the Crown Prince? I can also go with the Crown Prince."

Zhuge Liang sighed and said, "Xiaozhi, you acted too rashly this time.

The Prince of Yan was once your Majesty's heir. In order to help your Majesty stabilize the people's hearts, he was willing to give up the position of heir.

In order to appease the Prince of Yan, Your Majesty promised him a lifetime of fame and honor. Even if he could not inherit the throne, he could still expand the territory for the Han Dynasty, leave his name in history, and become a pillar of the country respected by the people and admired by future generations.

Although Li Yan obtained the opportunity for Your Majesty to seize Yongzhou, he was so self-righteous that he wanted to use Your Majesty to suppress the Prince of Yan and make the Prince of Yan a stepping stone for him to achieve success.

Oh, who is the King of Yan?

Your Majesty was able to achieve great victories over Sun Quan and Cao Pi after the Battle of Hanzhong, largely due to the efforts of Prince Yan.

The King of Yan has not yet become proud of his achievements, but Li Yan is so arrogant just because he has obtained Wudu and Yinping. How could the King of Yan tolerate him?
If Xiaozhi had reported Li Yan's victory report according to normal procedures, instead of choosing to report it privately to the emperor out of consideration for Li Yan's friendship with Meng Da, the Prince of Yan would not have come to see Liang in private.

You know, the King of Yan said to Liang last night, 'The Crown Prince should have military power, and the Prime Minister should understand military affairs.'"

Fa Zheng was shocked when he heard this.

The doubts in his heart were suddenly cleared up, and he couldn't help but smile bitterly: "The Prime Minister means that if I don't report to Your Majesty privately, the King of Yan may let me go with the Crown Prince?"

Zhuge Liang sighed again: "It's not a possibility, it's a certainty! Before the King of Yan went to Jiangdong, he gave Liang the power to cultivate talents, transfer personnel, and coordinate taxes and grain in the three counties of Jingbei.

After Liang left, who would be responsible for talent training, personnel transfer, and taxation and grain coordination for the Prince of Yan? The Prince of Yan did not publicly impeach Xiaozhi for putting personal interests above public interests, but just let Xiaozhi take care of government affairs. It was all because the Prince of Yan was considering the overall situation. "

Although Zhuge Liang's words were somewhat different from Liu Feng's original intention, they were not much different.

Fa Zheng felt even more bitter.

Others may not understand and may think that Liu Feng is taking the opportunity to take revenge.

Fa Zheng understood Liu Feng's thoughts very well. After all, Fa Zheng himself was a vengeful person.

Heart to heart.

If it were Liu Feng, he would also be angry.

I haven't offended you in any other way, but you suddenly come to make me unhappy. If I don't teach you a lesson, do you really think I'm a sick cat?
Zhuge Liang added: "Xiaozhi need not worry too much. The King of Yan is not a narrow-minded person. I think Xiaozhi will get along well with the King of Yan in the future."

a long time.

Fa Zheng took a long breath, dispelling the depression in his heart, bowed to Zhuge Liang and said, "Thank you, Prime Minister, for clearing up my doubts."

Zhuge Liang laughed and said, "We are all working for the country, and this is what we should do. I have some good wine at home, and I want to drink with Xiaozhi and talk about the old days in Yongzhou."

Fa Zheng understood what he meant and did not refuse: "Prime Minister, how can I refuse your kindness? But if you know anything, I will tell you everything."

The two of them smiled at each other and returned to the Prime Minister's Mansion together.

Preparations for the Northern Expedition were carried out in secret.

Morning next day.

Crown Prince Liu Chan announced at the court meeting that "Chen Zhen, the governor of Beijiang, has sent an urgent message saying that the barbarians in the south are causing rebellion and he wants to go to the south in person to quell the rebellion", and all the officials were shocked.

After a heated debate, Liu Bei agreed to Liu Chan's request.

At the same time, he transferred Prime Minister Zhuge Liang and General Ma Chao to go to Nanzhong with Liu Chan.

Taking the prince's safety into consideration, Liu Bei dispatched more than 70 Quchang and Tunjiang men, and more than 1,000 Tujiang, Wuqian, Xiongsou, Qingqiang, Sanqi and Wuqi men to go with Liu Chan.

These people were the elite troops gathered from all over the country by Liu Bei over the past few decades.

Such an arrangement was also an apparent statement to the ministers to further stabilize Liu Chan's position as the crown prince.

Secretly, this was to prevent Liu Chan from being unable to control the generals of Dongchuan after he went to Dongchuan.

Liu Feng wanted Zhuge Liang, Ma Chao and Wei Yan to help Liu Chan establish military prestige, but Liu Bei was more thoughtful.

Directly transfer the elite troops to Liu Chan!

When these elite troops arrive in Dongchuan, they can not only directly form combat power, but also some of them can be deployed into the army to assist in commanding the army.

Outside the court meeting, Liu Bei secretly transferred Chen Dao and 500 Bai Li soldiers to serve as Liu Chan's personal soldiers to accompany and protect Liu Chan.

a few days later.

Liu Bei issued another decree:
Liu Feng was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry.

Wang Ping was promoted to General Suppressing Bandits and was granted the title of Marquis of Ting.

Li Ping was promoted to General Po Lu and was granted the title of Marquis of Ting.

The generals and officers under Liu Feng's command included Tian Qi, Kou Anguo, Fang Yue, Pan Feng, Yu She, Mu Shun, Li Fu, Deng Xian, Bai Shou, Mei Fu; Tian Zhong, Han Chong, Wang Dang, Luo Xin, Shan Xiong, Pei Qing, Mi Tutong, Bei Shi Na, Shu Heli, Qu Xianzhi; Liu Qingzhi, Liu Changgong, Liu Wentai, Liu Xianda, Liu Daozhi and other generals, all of whom were canonized.

He also dispatched thirteen generals including Yue Ju, Yang Xing, Yan Cheng, He Yuan, Luo Yan, Yu Hua, Lu Wen, Niu Xian, Lu Yi, Guan Chong, Lin Sheng, Hu Yanshen and Lu Zhuo and 10,000 naval forces from Lu Kou to march into Xiangyang.

He summoned the prefect of Xiangyang, Shen Dan, back to Jiangling, and replaced him with General Zhao Yun, the General of the Southern Expedition, as the prefect of Xiangyang, under the command of General Liu Feng.

From Xincheng to Xiangyang, more than a hundred brave generals and more than 20,000 infantry and cavalry troops have been stationed in the Han River Basin!
Such an obvious deployment of troops.

Naturally, it could not be hidden from Cao Wei's spies in Jingzhou.

Especially after Zhao Yun, the prefect of Xiangyang, sent auxiliary troops to build a temporary station for storing grain in the area from Fancheng to Xinye, Xiahou Shang and Xu Huang in Wancheng were even more shocked.

"Is Liu Bei planning to attack Wancheng?" Xiahou Shang exclaimed.

No wonder Xiahou Shang and Xu Huang were shocked.

Cao Pi and Sun Quan fought a fierce battle at Ruxukou. Although the war was over, the army was still in Huainan at this moment.

If Liu Bei really wanted to take Wancheng, it would be a considerable pressure on Cao Pi.

Return the army, reorganize the army, raise food and provide support.
It takes not only time, but also manpower, material resources and financial resources.
"It shouldn't happen." Xu Huang calmed down and judged: "Liu Bei has fought many battles and has a large army in Jingzhou. Many soldiers are farming in the Han River Basin. It is impossible for him to have spare strength to take Wancheng in a short period of time. Even if he wants to take it, he has to wait until the autumn harvest in October to gather troops to attack."

Xiahou Shang also calmed down: "That being said, we have to be on guard. I am more worried that Liu Bei will send troops to rob food!"

The distance from Xiangyang to Wancheng is only over 400 miles.

If Liu Bei really wanted to send troops to seize food, it would also be a headache for Xiahou Shang and Xu Huang.

To protect the grain, we must leave the city, and if we leave the city, we will lose the geographical advantage of the city.

At this time, the competition is about which commander on each side can better predict the enemy's attack and which soldiers on each side are more brave and good at fighting.

If it were an ordinary day, Xiahou Shang and Xu Huang would naturally have nothing to worry about.

Even if we can't win, there will be reinforcements from Xu County.

But now.

Cao Pi's army was still in Huainan and had not returned. Even if they could return to Xu County during the autumn harvest, they would be exhausted after nearly a year of hard work.

If we continue to fight Liu Bei at this time, even with the cavalry advantage, it would be hard to predict the outcome.

Xu Huang also understood Xiahou Shang's concerns. After thinking for a while, Xu Huang said in a deep voice, "You can send a message to Sima Fujun first. Perhaps we are overthinking it."

The Sima Fujun mentioned by Xu Huang is Sima Yi.

Before Cao Pi went to Ruxukou to fight against Sun Quan, he changed Sima Yi to Fujun and Jijie, and led 5,000 soldiers to garrison Xu County. At the same time, he also gave Sima Yi the power of temporary dispatch.

If Wancheng encounters an enemy, Sima Yi has the right to decide how to respond.

The messenger rode as fast as he could.

Xu County.

Sima Yi frowned.

In the past two years, Cao Pi's decisions have frequently been flawed, and Sima Yi is also to blame.

If Sima Yi had not strongly advised Cao Pi not to give up Xiangyang, Cao Ren would not have been captured.

If Cao Ren had not been captured, Zhang Liao would not have died in Hefei while on the expedition due to illness, and Cao Pi would not have fought to the death with Sun Quan at Ruxukou to consolidate his authority.

If Cao Pi had not fought to the death with Sun Quan at Ruxukou, Wen Pin would not have been killed in the loss of Shiyang.

It would not happen now. It is suspected that Liu Bei wants to take advantage of Cao Pi's exhausted troops to fight for Wancheng.

One step wrong, step by step wrong.

(End of this chapter)