1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 597 Quantum entanglement! Finally appeared! Ignoring distance! Beyond space! Shocking everyone! Absolutely impossible!

Li Qiwei, who carried the hopes of Bohr and others, finally opened his eyes.

He was not only thinking about the answer, but also reviewing the history of quantum mechanics, a dramatic and eventful discussion!

In real history, the physics community was shocked after Einstein proposed the thought experiment of incompleteness.

Countless researchers and supporters of quantum mechanics suddenly felt like the sky was falling.

At this time, Bohr, the leader of the Copenhagen School, took action!

Just five months after Einstein and his two colleagues published their EPR paper, in October 5, Bohr also published a paper.

Even the title of the paper is the same as Einstein's.

However, in the paper, Bohr gave an affirmative response: quantum mechanics is complete!

Bohr believed that no matter how far apart particle A and particle B are, as long as A is measured, the state of particle B will be disturbed.

Because A and B are a whole, they are both described by a wave function, are interrelated, and cannot be treated separately.

Most importantly, no information needs to be transmitted for the measurement of particle A to affect particle B.

Therefore, this process can exceed the speed of light!

Einstein's thought experiment doesn't work!
This mysterious connection between particle A and particle B that ignores spatial distance is Li Qiwei's next answer.

That is the famous "quantum entanglement"!
After Bohr's paper was published, it immediately caused a sensation in the physics community.

Because the phenomenon of quantum entanglement is so incredible.

It's beyond human imagination.

Einstein simply didn't accept it.

Moreover, Bohr's answer could not be verified experimentally.

So Einstein was very excited. He felt that the Copenhagen School could not give a satisfactory answer this time and he had finally turned the tables.

In this situation, Einstein took advantage of the situation and wrote a letter to his number one younger brother Schrödinger, saying:
"You should also prepare something to help me. Together we can defeat Copenhagen's arrogance."

After receiving the letter, Schrödinger was full of confidence and started writing the paper immediately.

In November of the same year, he wrote an article with a very popular title, "The Current State of Quantum Mechanics."

In this paper, Schrödinger proposed an extremely famous conjecture.

That is the famous fourth mythical beast in physics: Schrödinger's cat!
This conjecture can be regarded as the final and most fatal blow to quantum mechanics.

However, let’s not talk about this matter for now.

The debate between Einstein and Bohr on quantum entanglement has never been resolved.

It wasn't until 1963 that Northern Irish physicist Bell came up with a brilliant and verifiable solution.

This is the famous "Bell's inequality".

The principle of this experiment is to determine whether quantum entanglement exists through the spin state of electrons in three dimensions.

If Bell's inequality holds true, it means that Einstein is right and Bohr is wrong.

If Bell's inequality does not hold, it means that Einstein was wrong and Bohr was right.

In 1981, French physicists verified Bell's inequality using equivalent polarized photons.

The final result shows: Bell's inequality does not hold!

So, Einstein was wrong, Bohr was right, quantum entanglement does exist, and quantum mechanics is non-local!

At this point, there is no doubt that the Copenhagen School has become the orthodoxy of quantum mechanics, and no one can challenge it.

Only the strange ghost of Schrödinger's cat is left, wandering in the world of quantum mechanics, waiting to be tamed by a peerless genius!
At this moment, this information flashed through Li Qiwei's mind, and his expression was calm.

With his current strength, he no longer needs the knowledge of later generations.

He traveled through the past, stood in the present, and transcended the future!

He is the chosen one and the only one!

Therefore, in the face of Einstein's doubts, Li Qiwei said with absolute confidence:
"How difficult is this!"

Not only does he want to propose quantum entanglement, he also wants to prove it on the spot!
Suppress everything!
Shocked the whole audience!

To everyone's shock, Li Qiwei slowly stood up, like a giant awakening.

He strode onto the stage with his head held high, and the sound of his footsteps shook everyone's heart.

Einstein's eyes sparkled, and he couldn't wait to know how Bruce was going to explain.

Bohr, Heisenberg and others looked excited, their heaven was back!

The others looked at the figure in shock.

"Is Professor Bruce going to create a miracle again?"

boom!
The atmosphere in the venue reached its climax!

Li Qiwei stood in front of the crowd, scanning everything with his sharp eyes.

As soon as he opened his mouth, he shocked everyone!

“Einstein was wrong!”

Wow!
There was a buzz among the crowd.

"Sure enough, Professor Bruce was not defeated. He firmly believed in his theory."

“This is going to be exciting!”

"How on earth is Professor Bruce going to refute Professor Einstein's paradox?"

Einstein did not speak, but waited quietly.

He believed that Bruce would give him a perfect answer.

At this time, Li Qiwei continued to explain:
"Take the spin phenomenon that Goudsmit talked about as an example."

“I thought that no matter how far apart two particles are, if you make a measurement on one of them, you’re bound to disturb the state of the other particle.”

"Because now particles A and B are a whole."

“The properties of each particle have been combined into the properties of the whole.”

"So, we can't describe the properties of a single particle, we can only describe the properties of the whole."

"Particle A and particle B are described by a common wave function, and there is a correlation between them."

“This connection transcends space and ignores any distance.”

"Even if it's two particles at the two ends of the universe, as long as they become a system, this kind of correlation must exist."

"I named this mysterious connection between quantum quanta [quantum entanglement]!"

boom!
When everyone heard this term, their scalps went numb!
It was as if some supreme and sacred truth was manifesting!
Quantum entanglement can actually ignore distance and transcend space!

"How can this be!"

“It’s just like a fairy tale!”

"Professor Bruce's idea is so shocking!"

Everyone was shocked!

This phenomenon completely goes against human common sense and is incomprehensible.

However, Goudsmit and Einstein still forced themselves to remain calm.

Although they were shocked, they still found loopholes in Professor Bruce's words.

Gudsmith summoned up the courage to ask:
"Professor Bruce, you just dictated that two particles can interact even if they are infinitely far apart."

"But you didn't explain why this interaction can exceed the speed of light."

“You haven’t solved that problem yet.”

Wow!
Many young people admire Gudsmith's courage.

Under Professor Bruce's extremely powerful aura, he was able to remain calm and think calmly.

You will definitely become a great person in the future!

Li Qiwei's deep eyes focused on Goodsmith, who suddenly felt a tremendous pressure.

He smiled and said, "It's very simple, because quantum entanglement does not transmit any information."

"According to the special theory of relativity, physical processes that do not transmit information can exceed the speed of light."

"Suppose that particle A and particle B are 1 light year apart, and there is a person next to each of them."

"Next to particle A is Xiao Gu, and next to particle B is Xiao Bao."

Gudsmith and Pauli looked strange when they heard this, and thought: Professor Bruce, is it really okay for you to call me like that in such a serious atmosphere?

"Before the two people observed it, the spin directions of particle A and particle B were in a superposition state."

"When Xiao Gu observed particle A, the quantum entanglement between the two particles immediately disappeared, and particle A became an eigenstate, assuming that the spin was upward."

"Attention! Here comes the point!!!"

"The moment Xiao Gu saw that particle A's spin was upward, he [immediately knew] that particle B, one light-year away, must spin downward."

"But he can't tell the bubble the fact that particle B spins downwards instantly."

"Xiao Gu can only convey information in the classical way, and the maximum speed is the speed of light."

"That is to say, if Xiao Gu transmits the information [particle B spins downward] via telegraph, he will have to wait for a year before the other party receives the information."

"As for the bubble, when it does not observe particle B, it does not know the spin direction of particle B."

"When Xiaobo started to observe particle B, he found that the spin direction of particle B was downward."

"But this information was not told to him by Xiao Gu, but obtained by Xiao Pao through his own observation."

"Attention! Another important point is coming!!!"

"Moreover, Xiao Pao has absolutely no way of knowing that the reason he observed the spin state of particle B to be downward was because Xiao Gu's early observation caused the system's wave function to collapse."

"why?"

"Because no matter whether Xiao Gu made the observation in advance, Xiao Pao must also make the observation if he wants to know the state of particle B!"

"If Xiao Gu had not observed particle A in advance, Xiao Bubble's observation would cause the system's wave function to collapse, and particle B would become an eigenstate, assuming spin down."

"If Xiao Gu observed particle A in advance, particle B would still become an eigenstate due to quantum entanglement, and Xiao Pao would still observe that the spin is downward."

“So, Xiaobao can’t tell the difference at all.”

"Because there is no information transmission in this process."

"If Xiao Gu can cross space and [instantly] tell Xiao Pao the results of his observations, then Xiao Pao doesn't need to observe at all. He can know the spin state of particle B by relying on the mechanism of quantum entanglement."

"In summary, quantum entanglement cannot transmit information."

"So, its speed can exceed the speed of light."

"No, it should be said that quantum entanglement has no concept of speed and time at all. It is more like an advanced physical mechanism."

quiet!
Deathly silence!

You can hear a pin drop in the room!
Everyone's eyes widened, they were stunned.

Even most people haven't figured out the logic behind this.

Xiao Gu, Xiao Bubble, Quantum Entanglement, Observe First, Observe Later
"My God!"

"What on earth is Professor Bruce's brain like?"

“Is this theory really real?”

"Quantum entanglement is incredible."

At this moment, most people just feel that their brains are not enough.

too exaggerated!

How could such a concept exist in the world of physics?

Regardless of the distance, whether it is 1 light year, 100 light years, or even 100 billion light years, as long as two particles are in a state of quantum entanglement, observing one of them will inevitably affect the other.

If this concept was not proposed by Professor Bruce, everyone would think that the other person must be crazy.

Geniuses such as Bohr and Heisenberg were also shocked!

But they soon figured out the logic of quantum entanglement.

I was immediately filled with admiration for Professor Bruce!
Heisenberg said excitedly:

"too strong!"

"Professor Bruce is so powerful!"

"He created the concept of quantum entanglement based on the inferences of quantum mechanics and perfectly explained its mechanism of action."

"With the theory of quantum entanglement, Professor Einstein's thought experiment is self-defeating."

“Who would have thought that quantum entanglement, which ignores any spatial distance, cannot transmit information.”

“This is amazing.”

At this moment, even a genius like Heisenberg was shocked.

The properties of quantum entanglement are truly bizarre.

What is even more exaggerated than quantum entanglement is Professor Bruce's wild imagination.

Invincible!

Heisenberg felt that all the pores in his body were unblocked.

The repression just now was finally released.

"Quantum mechanics is still correct and is still a complete pillar theory!"

"With Professor Bruce here, the sky of quantum mechanics will never fall!"

Bohr suddenly felt a throbbing coming from the depths of his blood and soul.

He kept repeating the word quantum entanglement with a sacred and worshipful expression.

"Only Professor Bruce could come up with such a theory!"

Goodsmith opened his mouth in a daze.

He finally deeply felt the horror of Professor Bruce.

Without personal experience, you will never be able to understand the vast wisdom as deep as the ocean.

In his opinion, Professor Einstein's thought experiment was simply flawless.

At least he himself was completely convinced.

And Professor Bruce crushed everything easily!
Simply proposing the concept of quantum entanglement may not mean anything.

After all, those science fiction writers can come up with even more outrageous concepts.

However, giving quantum entanglement a rigorous logic allows it to be perfectly integrated into the framework of quantum mechanics.

That would be too difficult.

It has to be a real big boss!

"Professor Bruce's ability is enough to turn science fiction into science!"

Gudsmith turned to look at Professor Einstein. He would have to rely on him from now on.

He has been fascinated by quantum entanglement and cannot find any loopholes in it.

At this moment, Einstein's expression was extremely interesting.

He murmured to himself:
"impossible!"

"Absolutely impossible!"

Einstein could not believe that such an outrageous thing could exist in the world.

A real physical effect that can actually transcend the constraints of space.

This is no longer science, but metaphysics.

"Quantum entanglement never exists!"

(End of this chapter)