1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 541: Position! Momentum! Uncertainty Principle! Shocking! Shocking Debut!
Cavendish Academic Salon.

The wave-particle duality of light raised by Dirac aroused heated discussion among the public.

Everyone expressed their opinions, and Pauli's voice could be heard criticizing others from time to time. The atmosphere was very harmonious.

Ridgway heard the debate between Heisenberg and others, but he did not take it to heart.

This problem can be explained using current theories.

Simply put, although a single photon has the properties of a probability wave, its random position is constrained within a certain range formed by the electric and magnetic fields.

It is like electrons moving within atoms and not running outside the atoms.

The movement of photons will not go beyond the range of the electromagnetic field.

Therefore, macroscopic light is an electromagnetic wave, and microscopic photons have the properties of probability waves. The two are not contradictory.

It just requires complex mathematics to derive and verify.

Obviously, Li Qiwei was not interested in such a simple topic.

He is now thinking about something more important.

That is how the uncertainty principle that shocked the academic world was derived from the electron path diagram presented by Wilson.

Today's Li Qiwei is no longer the rookie he once was. He can only rely on the memory in his mind to copy.

As he personally experienced this mighty torrent of physics history and discussed with many geniuses of the time, his strength also underwent earth-shaking changes.

He deservedly entered the realm of grand master of physics!

He was able to re-examine the entire establishment process of quantum mechanics from the source of thought.

In other words, he now dares to pat his chest confidently and say: I can do it too!
Li Qiwei closed his eyes, and various symbols flashed and numbers danced in his mind.

Stimulated by the residual alcohol, he entered a wonderful state.

His mind is like a boat, flowing in the crystal clear quantum river, creating ripples.

"I see."

At this moment, Heisenberg kept staring at Professor Bruce, his eyes became brighter and brighter, and his expression became more and more excited.

It was as if there was something like a flame in my heart that was burning spontaneously.

His abnormality quickly attracted everyone's attention.

"what?"

"What's wrong with Heisenberg? What is he looking at?"

Everyone's eyes followed Heisenberg's gaze and were focused on Professor Bruce.

Then, he was suddenly startled!
Everyone thought that Professor Bruce must be thinking about the question raised by Dirac.

"Wow! Professor Bruce closed his eyes, so there must be an answer!"

"This question is indeed very mysterious. It can actually allow the old man to use his strongest state."

"Wrong! Professor Bruce's strongest state is when a domineering and majestic figure appears behind him."

"."

The young guys started to get excited.

However, Dirac himself had no expression on his face, still as cold and clear as a green lotus on a snowy mountain.

He thought that his problems were not serious enough to require Professor Bruce to take personal action.

Through the discussion just now, he already had a general idea.

It’s just that because the probability wave theory was proposed not long ago, he is not familiar with it yet.

"So what is Professor Bruce thinking about?"

At this moment, Li Qiwei suddenly opened his eyes.

Swish!
There seemed to be a flash of brilliant thunder in those proud eyes.

He stared ahead again.

At this time, Wilson was the first to react.

He was the only one among all the people present who could feel deeply into Bruce's heart.

"Bruce must have discovered something amazing!"

He followed his line of sight.

"what?"

"Isn't that the cloud chamber photo I just left on?"

"Is there something wrong?"

"impossible!"

"I repeated the experiment three times, and there is absolutely no way it could be wrong."

But Wilson soon began to feel a little unsure.

He prayed in his heart: Brother, please, don't mess with me.

Everyone was puzzled.

"What's so good about the Cloud Chamber?"

“It probably has nothing to do with the question raised by Dirac.”

Heisenberg, Pauli, Dirac and others, however, had serious expressions.

As peerless geniuses, they smelled a scent that ordinary people could not perceive!

Terrible! Shocking! Profound!
Suddenly, in everyone's incredulous gaze, Li Qiwei stood up.

Without saying a word, he walked calmly to the blackboard at the front of the conference room.

The inky blackboard looks like the endless dark starry sky, captivating.

Li Qiwei turned his back to the crowd, like a lonely seeker looking up at the stars.

Then he picked up the chalk and explored the starry sky.

despair!
The sound of chalk scratching echoes deep in the soul.

At this moment, everyone was shocked!

Even the most slow-witted person would realize that Professor Bruce was definitely not answering Dirac's question.

"What did he discover, Professor?"

quiet!
The meeting room was so silent that you could hear a pin drop.

Everyone widened their eyes, held their breath, and waited quietly.

Li Qiwei has entered a state of ecstasy and enlightenment.

His mind and body were in perfect harmony.

What I think in my mind turns into formulas in my writing, flowing slowly.

Then, unconsciously, through his mouth, as if mumbling to himself:

"In addition to leaving particle tracks in a cloud chamber, it can also measure the momentum of particles."

"In the electron trajectory photo Wilson just showed, there are only the movement trajectories of electrons."

"He did not give the momentum of the electron at each position."

"I don't care why he didn't do it, but ask yourself a question first."

“Can we describe the precise motion state of microscopic particles in the framework of matrix mechanics?”

"In other words, can we directly predict the trajectories of particles in a cloud chamber using theory?"

"first."

Wow!
Everyone exclaimed!

Then comes the doubt.

Professor Bruce is actually studying matrix mechanics!

What's happening here?
"Hasn't the quantum mechanics conference already concluded?"

"Matrix mechanics and wave mechanics are both orthodoxies of quantum mechanics."

"Although matrix mechanics is mathematically complex, it has the fewest problems, unlike wave mechanics, which gave rise to the insane theory of probability waves."

"Then why is Professor Bruce re-deriving matrix mechanics now?"

Some speculated:
"Did Professor Bruce discover a new problem?"

"He just talked about the cloud chamber trajectory problem. It seems that he wants to use matrix mechanics to theoretically calculate the trajectory of electrons."

"But isn't the movement of electrons controlled by probability waves? How can we calculate it?"

Most people cannot understand what Professor Bruce's purpose is.

They didn't dare to disturb him, so they could only suppress their curiosity and continue watching.

However, Heisenberg was extremely excited.

A gleam of light burst out from his eyes, piercing through space.

After the quantum mechanics conference, his matrix mechanics was shelved.

Wave mechanics is popular now.

Heisenberg must have been unhappy.

But he was powerless.

And now, Professor Bruce's actions have undoubtedly added some variables.

Heisenberg had a strong premonition in his heart.

The content on the blackboard will have an extremely important impact on matrix mechanics.

Although nothing can be seen at the moment.

However, he was patient and waited.

At this moment, everyone had different thoughts and were looking quietly at the figure in front of them.

The other party seemed to be drawing a shocking picture of quantum space and time.

Li Qiwei's deduction continues.

blah blah blah!
"The core formula of matrix mechanics is: px-xp=(ih/2π)I."

"It converts the quantum problem into the motion of a simple harmonic oscillator."

"Where p is the momentum of the oscillator and x is the displacement of the oscillator."

"If I want to know what p and x are at a certain moment, then"

"Through theory, we must first calculate their respective changes, namely p and x."

"p is the standard deviation of momentum." "x is the standard deviation of position."

"No! No!"

"The matrix operation does not satisfy the commutative law. There is a problem here. The multiplication sign needs to be removed."

“This formula needs to be changed.”

"."

hiss!
Everyone felt it was amazing!

At this moment, among the more than 30 people, probably more than half of them already felt like they were reading a book from heaven.

Those dazzling matrix operations on the blackboard are so exciting that they make people vomit blood.

Even a big shot like Rutherford looked confused.

He was an experimental physicist and the most advanced mathematical knowledge he mastered was calculus.

The formula before him far exceeded his knowledge reserves.

However, Rutherford must not lose momentum in front of so many people, especially with his own students present.

He glanced at Wilson and followed suit, rubbing his chin gently with his right hand and making deliberate sounds with his mouth.

"Oh~"

"That's it~"

“Very clever idea~”

Kokrov, Kapitsa and others were full of admiration.

"Professor Rutherford is so powerful!"

“He’s obviously an experimental physicist, but he can understand such advanced mathematics.”

“I still have a lot to learn.”

"I can only understand half of it, and roughly understand what Professor Bruce means."

"He probably wanted to find out the displacement and momentum of the electron as it moves."

However, after they understood it, they became even more confused.

Several people couldn't understand why Professor Bruce, who was like a god in their eyes, asked such a "weird" question.

Yes, Cockcroft racked his brains and finally decided to use the word "weird" to describe it.

This word is certainly not used to describe Professor Bruce, but the problem he is studying.

"What is there to calculate?"

This is just a pure mechanical deduction.

In classical physics, based on Newtonian mechanics, we can accurately calculate the momentum and displacement of an object.

For example, a wooden block with a mass of 1 kg moves forward at a speed of 1 m/s at zero position.

那么1s之后，木块会出现在1m处，它的动量是1kg×1m/s=1kg·m/s。

This is a very simple question.

Everything in the world moves in this way.

Of course, the relativistic effects are not taken into account, and there is no need to do so in the case of low-speed motion.

Now, Professor Bruce wants to calculate the displacement and momentum of the electron.

It’s not that it can’t be counted, of course it can be counted, but there is no need to do so.

In the view of Cockcroft and others, matrix mechanics perfectly covers all the contents of the old quantum theory and explains many important problems such as atomic structure and the periodic table.

Of course, it can also calculate the movement information of electrons.

But this is just a byproduct of matrix mechanics and does not play any important role.

"So what if I figure it out?"

At this moment, perhaps only a few people on the field, such as Heisenberg, Dirac, Pauli, etc., could fully keep up with Li Qiwei's rhythm.

Almost all of it can be understood.

But precisely because they understood it, huge waves were set off in their hearts!

"What on earth is Professor Bruce trying to do?"

The ideas of these extraordinary geniuses are completely different from those of Cockcroft and others.

Through those matrix calculations, they discovered something terrifying.

"The matrix does not satisfy the commutative law and may affect the momentum and displacement of the electrons!"

Although a few people didn't understand what this meant.

But they firmly believed that the great Professor Bruce would never show off his matrix calculation skills simply because he was bored.

The momentum and displacement of electrons are definitely not that simple!
There is another world!

The light in Heisenberg's eyes grew brighter and brighter.

No one present understood matrices better than he did, not even Dirac.

Those matrices that are like ghosts in the eyes of others are as kind as children in his eyes.

“Why does this place need to be transposed?”

"Oh, I see."

"This full-rank decomposition is so clever!"

"Result in an orthogonal matrix."

"."

Heisenberg turned into a live commentator, with all kinds of professional terms constantly coming out of his mouth.

Rutherford, Wilson and others nodded silently.

“We thought so too.”

Heisenberg has completely entered a flow state.

He followed Professor Bruce's thinking closely.

He could even predict the next few computational steps.

But precisely because he understood the most, he was also the most shocked!
"If we calculate it this way, then isn't it?"

"hiss!"

"impossible!"

No one understood what Heisenberg was so surprised about.

Just shout 666 and it's done.

Everyone stared at the derivation blankly without blinking.

ten minutes.
thirty minutes
One hour.
A full hour and a half later.

To everyone's shock, Professor Bruce finally paused for the first time.

He crossed his hands over his chest, as if thinking about something.

"Hmm~"

At this moment, the huge movable blackboard was filled with formulas, which looked extremely terrifying!

Everyone was terrified.

It was clear that the final moments had come.

Next, Professor Bruce should be able to calculate the final result.

At this moment, Li Qiwei suddenly said "Oh" in surprise.

"I understand!"

“There needs to be a change here.”

"So."

"According to the above formula, we can get."

"x·p ≥ h/4π."

"above."

Li Qiwei breathed a sigh of relief.

That's it.

He said to himself:
"So that's it."

"interesting."

Then he turned around and smiled brightly at everyone.

"Hey, look at this."

"I'm done."

Everyone was stunned and stunned.

After nearly two hours of derivation, Professor Bruce actually got such a simple formula.

This is a bit too incredible and puzzling.

Most people are very confused.

"What does this formula mean?"

"How can the change in momentum be multiplied by the change in displacement?"

"can't read."

Wilson held it in for a long time and finally was able to speak without having to continue pretending.

He was just about to speak and ask Bruce what the formula meant.

suddenly!

Three completely different voices sounded at the same time.

"impossible!"

"impossible?"

"impossible"

boom!
The whole process was shocking!

(End of this chapter)