1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 516: A Shocking Paper! The Name of Quantum Mechanics! A Sensation in the Physics World! A New Quantum Era!

1923 1 Month 12 Day.

Institute of Quantum Research, UK.

Just after the New Year, everyone changed their relaxed mentality and re-engaged in intensive scientific research.

Although there were no groundbreaking results in the field of physics last year, there were still many important papers published.

From ordinary scholars to famous physicists, these inspirational stories in the field of science are constantly happening.

Everyone is full of fighting spirit!
Among them, Heisenberg is particularly noteworthy.

When he left the institute last year, he was still sick and felt like he might collapse at any time.

But now after returning from Germany, I am full of energy, vigor and motivation.

He greeted everyone warmly.

You can't tell at all that he used to be an introverted and sensitive boy.

At this time, Wang Zhengyang appeared and said:

"Heisenberg, Professor Bruce wants you to go to his office."

Heisenberg was instantly excited when he heard this.

He didn't bother to greet everyone. He took his documents and rushed to Professor Bruce's office impatiently.

Everyone looked at his excited expression and was a little puzzled.

"Why does Heisenberg seem like a different person?"

"He is no longer as gloomy as before and has become more sunny and cheerful."

"Could it be that he has made some progress in his research?"

Schrödinger, Irena and others were also very curious.

Heisenberg had been at the institute for less than half a year, so it was unlikely that he would have achieved any great results.

Moreover, at this time, Professor Bruce is usually out for meetings and exchanges.

But today, the other party approached Heisenberg alone.

There must be something wrong!

At this time, Pauli began to show off again.

He snorted and said in a provocative manner:
"Heisenberg is rising."

"He made a major breakthrough in reconstructing quantum theory."

"Maybe I can fulfill Professor Bruce's expectations."

Wow!
Everyone in the research institute was shocked.

Although they hated Pauli, they also believed in him.

Because the other party never tells lies or empty words, and does not rely on deception to show off.

Master Bubble never plays low-end games.

Since he said Heisenberg had made a breakthrough, it meant that his results must have been astonishing.

Otherwise, with Pauli's arrogance and arrogance, ordinary research would definitely not be in his eyes.

Everyone was immediately envious.

“Oh my god, if Heisenberg could really reconstruct quantum theory.”

"Then he can be directly compared with Professor Bohr."

"His achievements are even comparable to the special theory of relativity."

hiss!
There were gasps in the hall.

Schrödinger felt mixed emotions.

Irene, Pauli, Heisenberg
These young people are more capable than each other.

You know, he was the first one to come to work at the Quantum Institute.

After a personal interview by Professor Bruce, he was appointed as the scientific director of the institute.

However, now he can be described as having accomplished nothing.

Although the papers he published were achievements that ordinary scholars only dream of.

However, in the quantum research institute, it is totally not enough.

In a word: any achievement that is not Nobel Prize-level will be treated as no achievement.

Even so, Professor Bruce never reminded him privately.

This made Schrödinger feel very grateful.

Professor Bruce allows failure!
There is no guarantee of success in scientific research.

Schrödinger was filled with emotion and murmured to himself:

“Where exactly is my path?”

At this moment, in the office on the second floor.

Ridgway was sitting opposite Heisenberg.

In front of him was the latter's first draft of the paper.

“Very interesting idea.”

Li Qiwei couldn't help but exclaim in admiration.

He had never read the original text of Heisenberg's paper in his previous life.

Seeing it now, it feels very novel.

Heisenberg's paper is not of a rigorous and delicate style, but is full of a violent and rough atmosphere.

This is very different from his personality.

From the way he tore up the matrix with his hands, we can tell that this guy likes to solve problems through brute force through mathematical calculations.

Heisenberg smiled like a child upon hearing this.

In just over a month, he seemed to have matured a lot.

Although his personality has not changed, he has clearly developed his own style.

It was an aura that was hard to describe.

It can make people feel the inner projection at a glance.

Heisenberg sincerely asked for advice:

"Professor Bruce, I need your help."

“Once I got to the matrix, I didn’t know how to calculate it.”

Li Qiwei smiled and said:
"Matrix operations do not satisfy the commutative law of multiplication, which has been rigorously proven in mathematics."

"But this mathematical formalism doesn't really do anything useful."

“Even many mathematicians have never heard of this thing.”

"If you want to apply it to quantum theory and establish a logically self-consistent theoretical system, you need to put in some effort."

"However, I have taken some time to study the Matrix during this period."

“It is also difficult, but not as difficult as Riemannian geometry.”

"Next, I will help you complete the theory."

Wow!
Heisenberg was thrilled.

"Thank you so much, Professor Bruce!"

At the same time, he developed a feeling of admiration.

Professor Bruce spoke the most domineering words in the calmest tone.

The matrix that troubled him, Sommerfeld, Born and five others seemed like a trick in the eyes of the others.

Easy to get!

This kind of strength as deep as the sea makes people bow down in worship.

Heisenberg said enviously:

"When will I be able to reach this level?"

Soon, Ridgway explained matrix operations to Heisenberg in detail.

And a key formula was derived.

"The core of your paper is the momentum p array and the displacement d array."

"The relationship between the two is actually the relationship between atomic emission spectra and probability."

"."

"So, we can get a formula:"

"(p×d)-(d×p)=(ih/2π)I."

"Where i is the imaginary unit, h is the Lie-Planck constant, and I is the identity matrix."

The moment he saw the formula, Heisenberg was shocked.

He had a strong intuition that this formula must be crucial.

He was completely conquered.

"Professor Bruce, you are so strong!"

"I'm afraid I may not be able to complete this derivation even if I'm given two weeks."

Heisenberg admired and appreciated it from the bottom of his heart.

Li Qiwei smiled slightly, with a very coquettish look.

“These are all small paths.”

"Heisenberg, you have to remember this."

“For theoretical physics, the way of thinking about problems is the core.”

“The calculation process can be completed in any way, but innovative thinking does not rely on logic.”

Heisenberg nodded heavily, taking it seriously.

"For example, in your paper, you were able to simulate the atomic spectrum using a simple harmonic oscillator, which was the most critical step."

"As for the latter matrix, I don't know how to do it, but there must be other people in the world who can do it."

At this time, Heisenberg quickly flattered:

"Though maybe there are others who understand the Matrix."

"But no one except you, Professor Bruce, understands both matrices and quantum theory."

"It's even less likely that they could derive this matrix formula."

Li Qiwei cursed with a smile.
-
For the next ten days or so, Heisenberg became a busy man.

Every day he either worked frantically on calculations at his seat or went to Li Qiwei's office to ask questions.

He was completely immersed in the matrix, learning relevant knowledge frantically.

His hair was messy and his beard was quite long.

The Heisenberg of the past would have cared about his image, but now he doesn't care at all.

Instead of laughing at him, people were extremely envious of him.

"My God!"

“Is Heisenberg really going to reconstruct quantum theory?”

"Envy the chicken purple!"

Schrödinger and Irena were both very shocked.

"Is this still the same delicate and shy boy Heisenberg?"

Pauli was extremely happy, he felt that Heisenberg would definitely succeed.

By then, the two of them will be the top talents and the most famous figures in the Quantum Research Institute.

Munich double star!
1 month 25 day.

Heisenberg rushed to the office on the second floor like a madman.

"Professor Bruce, I did it!"

"I derived all the quantitative conditions in the Bohr-Lee model through matrix formulas."

"Quantum theory no longer requires the assumption of quantum orbits; it is an inevitable corollary of my theory."

"Professor, I have completed the reconstruction of quantum theory!"

Wow!
At this moment, even Schrödinger and others who were working on the first floor heard Heisenberg's roar.

That was the sound of extreme excitement.

Li Qiwei stood up from his seat and applauded him personally.

"Congratulations, Heisenberg!"

"You have accomplished a feat in physics."

Heisenberg could no longer control his emotions and tears welled up in his eyes.

All the depression, frustration and suffering turned to ashes, leaving only traces of memory.

"Thank you, Professor Bruce!"

"Without you, there would be no Heisenberg today."

Li Qiwei walked up and patted him lightly on the shoulder.

"Master leads me in. Cultivation depends on the individual."

“Your success is achieved through your hard work.”

"The person you should thank most is yourself."

Heisenberg nodded heavily.

At this time, Li Qiwei said leisurely:
"Before you publish your paper, please change the title."

Heisenberg was stunned when he heard this. He quickly wiped the tears from his face with his clothes and asked:

"Professor, what do you want to change it to?"

Li Qiwei smiled slightly, and suddenly became extremely domineering.

"From today on, quantum theory is no longer quantum theory, but quantum mechanics!"

“I used this name when I proposed the concept of quantum physics 23 years ago.”

"Because at that time I firmly believed that quantum would have a profound impact on the future of physics."

"Since Newtonian mechanics represents classical physics, quantum mechanics represents modern physics!"

"But the quantum concept at that time was too thin."

"At the first quantum theory conference, I was forced to drop the name."

"And today, Heisenberg, you have brought that name back to the world."

"Your matrix formula is the core formula of quantum mechanics."

"By operating on equations with this formula, we can obtain everything in existing quantum theory."

“Quantum mechanics truly lives up to its name!”

“So, the title of the paper was changed to “The Basic Equations of Quantum Mechanics.”

boom!
Heisenberg was stunned. He felt a breath rising from the soles of his feet straight into his head, as if it was about to burst out.

The blood in my body is boiling, my mouth is dry, and my muscles are shaking.

That was an expression of extreme excitement.

"Teach the professor."

Ridgeway grinned.

Heisenberg was stunned for a moment.
-
1923 2 Month 15 Day.

The paper "The Basic Equations of Quantum Mechanics" was published on the cover of the journal Nature.

The first author of the paper is Heisenberg and the corresponding author is Bruce Lee.

Publishing unit: Quantum Research Institute.

As soon as the paper came out, the whole world was shocked!

Quantum mechanics is officially here!

The physics community was in an uproar!
It's like a magnitude 18 earthquake!
"Oh, God!"

“Quantum theory has actually been reconstructed.”

“Quantum theory becomes quantum mechanics!”

“This is a qualitative leap!”

Countless people were shocked.

Professor Bruce's prediction came true again!

It's just unbelievable.

However, someone suddenly discovered a problem.

“Why is Heisenberg the first author instead of Professor Bruce?”

Soon, Heisenberg himself wrote:
“Thank you Professor Bruce for guiding my thesis.”

"He provided irreplaceable help in matrix calculations."

For a time, many people envied Heisenberg, not only because he became Professor Bruce's postdoctoral fellow, but also because he was responsible for such an important project.

"Heisenberg is so lucky."

“As soon as he entered the Quantum Institute, he was able to participate in research to reconstruct quantum theory.”

However, someone immediately retorted:
"Heisenberg's success was definitely not luck."

“I am also a researcher at the Quantum Institute.”

"All of Professor Bruce's instruction is public!"

"He didn't favor anyone or hide anything."

“The two major observable quantities in the paper were proposed by Professor Bruce at a discussion meeting.”

“It’s just that no one has been able to figure out how they are related.”

“And Heisenberg did it.”

“He stands on the shoulders of Professor Bruce and comes up with innovative solutions.”

Wow!
Everyone was stunned!

It turned out to be the case.

Then, with the public statements of Pauli, Sommerfeld and others.

The physics community finally understood the ins and outs of this paper.

To sum up: Professor Bruce, with the help of Heisenberg, fulfilled his previous prediction!

The title of great scientific mentor once again shocked everyone.

"Wow, I want to go to the Quantum Research Institute, too."

At the same time, Heisenberg's name spread throughout the physics community.

From a young genius, a silver medalist in the International Mathematical Olympiad, to now having an epiphany and soaring to the sky!
He perfectly demonstrated what it means to be high-spirited.

The most important thing is that he is only 22 years old this year.

This is the age of geniuses!
This is the era of young people!

Everyone was envious.

But soon they were stumped by another question in the paper.

"What is the Matrix?"

"It doesn't satisfy the commutative law of multiplication?"

"I don't know. I've never heard of it."

"Damn it, I can't even understand the paper."

The abstract mathematical form of matrix is ​​daunting to countless people.

If it weren't for Professor Bruce's name endorsing the paper, everyone would have suspected that the paper had made some low-level mistakes.

For ordinary students, they only care about the conclusion.

Anyway, all we need to know is that quantum theory has been reconstructed.

But for physicists, they have to brush up on their knowledge of matrices before they can study this paper carefully.

The more they understand, the more shocked they are!

University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

The moment Bohr saw the paper, it seemed as if a flame was burning in his heart.

His hands trembled slightly as he was shocked by the content of the article.

"It's incredible!"

As the founder of the Bohr-Lee model of quantum theory, he understands the awesomeness of this paper better than anyone else.

Although matrices are very obscure and difficult to understand, they are still barely understandable to top geniuses like Bohr.

What he cared about was not the complex matrix operations, but the physical ideas in the paper.

Starting from only the two most basic observable quantities, the original content of quantum theory can be derived through the simulation of a simple harmonic oscillator.

Bohr was convinced.

"Heisenberg is indeed a genius."

"Even with Professor Bruce's guidance, his own thinking is more valuable."

“This is an article for two people!”

Bohr had a sharp eye and could see the most critical matrix formula at a glance.

It is the real core of the paper.

And this formula was derived by Professor Bruce.

At this time, Koronig enviously said:

"Professor Bruce is so generous."

“I feel like he could deduce the content of this paper himself.”

“But he still selflessly shared his ideas.”

"He proposed two observables that are crucial to the matrix formula."

Koronig became famous for discovering the fourth quantum number.

But he did not choose to leave the Bohr Institute immediately, but stayed.

In his words: I want to continue learning from Professor Bohr.

Therefore, Bohr respected and liked him very much.

Bohr smiled.

"Haha, Professor Bruce doesn't need any extra honors anymore."

"He chose to reconstruct quantum theory not to prove himself, but just to make physics more complete."

“It doesn’t matter who published the paper first, it’s the same to him.”

“What Professor Bruce really devoted himself to studying was beyond anyone’s imagination.”

Bohr often went to the Quantum Institute for exchanges.

Ridgway did not hide it from him, but revealed that he was on the road to unification.

Bohr was shocked at the time.

Because he knew very well what kind of heaven-defying road that was!

"Teacher, he has finally begun to fulfill the promise he made many years ago."

University of Berlin, Germany.

Planck, Einstein and other physics giants were shocked by Heisenberg's paper.

Einstein smiled and said:

"These days I have been trying to use Heisenberg's matrix to derive various conclusions of quantum theory."

“It’s hellishly difficult.”

“I feel like Bruce and Heisenberg are just using magic to do their calculations.”

When everyone heard this, they all smiled knowingly.

The fact that even the famous Einstein had such a hard time with it shows how terrifying the matrix is.

Planck had a smile on his face, and his mind was full of thoughts.

He thought of the meeting twenty-three years ago.

Bruce and he debated publicly with many physicists of the time to explain the correctness of the quantum concept.

"Oh, no, it was called quantum mechanics back then."

During this time, Marie Curie asked:

"I can understand the quantum concept, but why add mechanics?"

Planck had forgotten how Bruce responded at that time.

Anyway, in the end the name quantum mechanics was abolished and replaced by quantum theory.

But quantum mechanics was imprinted in his mind.

Now, after 23 years, the name of quantum mechanics has finally reappeared in the physics community!
I'm afraid it will bring back memories for many people.

At this time, Einstein interrupted Planck's reverie.

"But I think there is a problem with Heisenberg's theory."

Everyone was shocked.

Professor Einstein discovered the problem as soon as the paper came out?

At least they didn't find out.

Although Heisenberg's matrix is ​​obscure and difficult to understand, the overall logic is clear and smooth.

It is not like the previous quantum theory, which requires various assumptions.

Quantum mechanics is derived step by step starting from the most basic spectral quantities.

The foundation is unbreakable!

People couldn't figure out what the problem was.

Even Planck became interested.

As the originator of the concept of quantum, although he withdrew from frontline research, he still paid close attention to the development of quantum theory.

Of course he was very concerned about such a groundbreaking event as quantum mechanics.

"Professor Einstein, tell me what you think."

Einstein nodded to everyone and said:
“Heisenberg’s matrix theory mathematically deduces the conditions for the quantization of electrons.”

“But based on the theory behind it, we can’t imagine a visual picture of it.”

“That is, how do electrons move?”

“What’s going on inside an atom?”

"We can only calculate all the behaviors of electrons through pure mathematics."

"But physics is not mathematics after all. Physics is the theory of studying matter."

"The electron is known to exist, but now we can only describe it with mathematics."

“Isn’t this a case of missing the point?”

"For example, Professor Bruce's general theory of relativity, although it also contains difficult-to-understand Riemannian geometry."

"But we can still imagine how matter bends space-time."

"If you fix a piece of thin cloth and put an iron ball in the middle, the cloth will sag from the middle to the outer edge."

"This is the picture of the curvature of space-time."

"But how can matrix theory explain the movement of electrons?"

"It's even worse than the previous quantum theory."

"At least, although we can't see something like orbits, we can imagine them."

Wow!
After Einstein finished speaking, there was silence in the room.

Everyone was shocked by his idea.

As expected of the originator of the special theory of relativity, Einstein's ideas are unique.

What he said makes a lot of sense.

Physics is not mathematics, it is about describing the movement and changes of matter.

But matrix theory abstracts all of this into a numbers game.

Is this good or bad?
Finally, Einstein added:

"Of course, the matrix theory is correct, there is no doubt about that."

"I just think the theory could use some refinement."

“It’s best to take into account the visualization of physics.”

As soon as quantum mechanics appeared, it became the number one news in the physics world.

Many physics giants, like Einstein, are studying its profound implications.

It's stunning, but too abstract.

Many people have to spend a long time to learn matrix knowledge before they can use it to solve practical problems.

But no matter what, quantum mechanics is an unprecedented major breakthrough.

Li Qiwei publicly commented:
“This paper is a turning point on the road from darkness to the light of new physics.”

"It means that the old quantum theory represented by the Bohr-Lee model has become history."

"Next, it will be the era of quantum mechanics!"

Wow!
The evaluation was so high that the academic community was shocked.

At this point, the name of quantum mechanics was officially established.

It is also commonly known as matrix mechanics.

(End of this chapter)