1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 467: Innate attributes! Indescribable! Wrong as soon as you think about it! Wrong as soon as you say it!
When Li Qiwei mentioned the concept of "spin-non-spin", everyone was stunned.

No one could understand the meaning of this sentence.

Electrons rotate around their own central axis, just like a gyroscope, so it is called "spin".

But now, Professor Bruce says that spin is not rotation.

So what is it?
This is too incredible.

Genius students such as Dirac and Heisenberg were also full of confusion.

With their IQ, they couldn't figure out the meaning of this sentence.

However, they firmly believed that Professor Bruce must have a deeper meaning.

They just can't understand it.

The big guys in the front row also frowned, carefully trying to figure out the meaning of this sentence.

Based on their understanding of Professor Bruce, it is impossible for him to say something mysterious.

Only Bohr had a flash of inspiration and exclaimed excitedly, "Oh!"

The point that he had not figured out before suddenly became clear to him.

At the same time, he also knew the meaning of spin-non-spin.

Bohr couldn't help but sigh:

"I'm afraid only the teacher can see the key to the problem at a glance."

"Yes, if the electrons are not really spinning, then everything can be explained."

Ehrenfest, who was standing next to him, heard Bohr's "nonsense" and smiled bitterly in his heart.

"They are indeed master and disciple, even their mysteries are the same."

At this time, Pauli's mood was most complicated.

He was hailed as a super genius in physics, and published papers that shocked the academic world, successfully joining the ranks of physicists.

But now, he couldn't understand a single word Professor Bruce said.

This kind of gap caused his faith to be shattered.

It is like a talented cultivator who has gone through various tribulations and successfully ascended to heaven.

But he ended up being just an ordinary heavenly soldier who was suppressing the Monkey King.

In the end, he didn’t even get to see the Great Sage, and was killed by the other party’s clone who was formed from a piece of monkey hair.

How pitiful, sad and lamentable!
But Pauli would never give in.

His character determines that he will stick to the end.

So he quickly asked:
"Professor Bruce, forgive my ignorance, I don't understand what you mean."

"What is spin-non-spin?"

“Is there another explanation for the rotation of electrons?”

Pauli's question is everyone's question.

At this moment, everyone held their breath, waiting for Professor Bruce's next words.

Li Qiwei smiled slightly, breathed a sigh of relief, and then said slowly and lowly:
"In their paper, Uhlenbeck and his colleagues assumed that the electron was a solid sphere."

"It has a diameter, it has mass, and it has volume."

"Since there is volume, there must be a central axis."

"The electron spins around its own central axis."

"They visualized this as the electron spinning."

“But this is a misconception.”

"An electron is not a solid little ball."

"The diameters we measure now are only approximations with very large errors."

"So the spin of an electron is not that the electron is actually rotating around its axis."

"It's not the same thing as rotation in macroscopic physics."

"So, we can't use the theories of classical physics to explain spin."

"Electron spin is a purely quantum concept."

"It's an inherent property of electrons."

"It doesn't matter whether the electron is in a hydrogen atom or an oxygen atom."

"Whether this electron undergoes a chemical reaction or forms an electric current."

"None of this affects the electron's spin."

"It can be understood this way."

"Electron spin is like the electron having mass."

“But we can’t ask questions like [how long is the mass].”

“Because it’s meaningless.”

"Similarly, for electron spin, its surface velocity cannot be calculated according to classical rotational motion."

"That's meaningless."

"If we accept this idea, we can answer Pauli's question."

“The electron spin discovered by Uhlenbeck and his two colleagues does exist.”

"We can even calculate its spin quantum number through theoretical calculations."

"But it's not moving in the form of a macroscopic classical spin."

"Whether it is the problem of superluminal speed or the problem of rotation and homing, they are essentially macroscopic problems."

"For electron spin, that doesn't make sense."

"In short, don't think of electron spin as if the electron is really rotating like a small ball."

"That's the peculiarity of concepts in quantum theory."

boom!
The whole place was silent!

Everyone was stunned and couldn't believe it.

I can't find the words to describe this feeling.

A full minute passed before a sound of people gasping for air erupted in the room.

"Oh my God, what kind of answer is that?"

"I didn't expect Professor Bruce to directly deny the significance of the two questions."

“This is so unexpected.”

"Why do I feel like this is about to become metaphysics? Electron spin is not rotation, so what is it?"

"Quantum theory is indeed more interesting than the theory of relativity."

"."

At this moment, whether they were students or seniors, their doubts were even deeper than before.

Even the three authors, Uhlenbeck, Gudschmidt and Kronig, were at a loss.

what's going on?
Why is the theory I developed so awesome? Even I don’t understand it.

The derivation process of the three people at that time was as follows:
First of all, knowing the existence of the anomalous Zeeman effect, we can know the separation between spectral lines.

Then, based on the knowledge of electromagnetism and quantum theory, we can calculate how large the magnetic moment of the electron needs to be.

Since electrons carry negative charge, according to the law of electromagnetism, it is easy to think that electrons are spinning.

And it is the kind of rotation, circle and spin that everyone defaults to.

Finally, based on the size of the magnetic moment, the spin of the electron can be inferred.

The logic of this process can be said to be completely flawless.

But now, Professor Bruce has denied it.

However, this raises a new problem:
"If the electron is not spinning, how can it generate a magnetic moment?"

If these three authors could think of it, Pauli could certainly think of it too.

At this moment, he almost fell into madness.

He disagreed with the traditional concept of electron spin proposed by Koronig and his two colleagues.

He believed that the fourth quantum number should transcend classical mechanics and be a purely quantum concept.

But Li Qiwei's views are a bit too shocking.

Even the bold Pauli thought it was a bit too ridiculous.

He used his sharp style again and asked again:

"Professor Bruce, you said that electron spin cannot be imagined as rotating around an axis."

"So, what kind of state is it?"

"Even if it's not a spin, it's probably a jump or something."

"But how do these states generate magnetic moments?"

Pauli's question even made Kronig and the other two nod their heads.

Now they are on the same side as Pauli.

That's how dramatic it is.

Under the gazes of everyone, Li Qiwei smiled and said:

"Pauli, I know what you mean."

"It's like, I'm saying the color of an apple can't be described. It's neither red nor blue."

“But you would think that there would have to be a property that describes the color of the apple.”

“And this state is conceivable.”

"Isn't that right?" Pauli nodded.

"But, unfortunately, I can't do it."

"All I can tell you is that electron spin has no counterpart in classical physics."

"There is no equivalent, even in our entire universe."

“We can’t visualize it.”

"Just like you can't imagine something you've never seen."

"We can only understand it mathematically. 1/2 is the mathematical meaning of electron spin."

"As for its physical entity, we don't know, at least not yet."

"And the magnetic moment of an electron, like its spin, is an innate property of the electron."

"Even if an electron stops spinning, its magnetic moment still persists."

"If you insist on me giving a definite conclusion."

"Then I can only say that electron spin is a quantum concept and an inherent property of electrons."

"Innate attributes! Indescribable! If you think about it, you're wrong! If you talk about it, you're wrong!"

boom!
When the last sentence was spoken, it seemed as if even the heaven and earth had quieted down.

An inexplicable and huge terror suddenly came over me.

Everyone felt a palpitation in their hearts and trembled all over.

It was as if I had seen something terrible.

Everyone was shocked!
"Oh my God! What do I hear?"

"I actually heard the word 'indescribable' from Professor Bruce's mouth."

"This is simply unbelievable."

"Isn't physics the study of truth?"

"How can one encounter a truth that cannot be described?"

"It's so scary!"

"."

At this moment, whether it was a genius like Dirac or a big shot like Bohr, they were all shocked.

The content of the discussion was completely beyond their expectations.

A great door of truth is slowly opening.

Just a tiny trace of aura was revealed in it, but it made everyone fascinated.

For physics geniuses like Dirac and Heisenberg, this feeling is indescribable.

It was a touching feeling from the heart.

It is the pilgrimage destiny to face the truth.

Even an old, dissolute genius like Schrödinger became sacred.

They seemed to be walking together on a road paved with truth.

At the end of the avenue, stood a domineering figure.

It's Professor Bruce!
boom!
Colorful!

Mysterious!

It shook the universe and time!
The concept of the indescribable deeply shocked everyone.

Everyone seemed to recall the same thing:

Since the advent of modern physics in 1900, many bizarre theories have emerged.

In 1900, Professor Bruce and Professor Planck proposed the concept of quantum.

In 1902, Professor Bruce and Professor Einstein proposed the special theory of relativity.

In 1911, Professor Bohr, under the guidance of Professor Bruce, proposed the quantum orbit model.

In 1912, Professor Bruce proposed the theory of general relativity.

All of the above theories caused a sensation in the physics community when they were proposed.

It is no exaggeration to say that it shattered all three views.

However, no matter how earth-shattering, fantastic and incomprehensible they are.

At least it's friendly.

That is what is conceivable and describable.

For example, the length contraction and time dilation effect in the special theory of relativity.

Although physicists have never seen it, they can imagine the physical picture in their minds.

Imagine objects becoming shorter in size and time slowing down.

Another example is Bohr's quantum orbit.

Although no one has ever seen it, it does not prevent us from imagining how it operates.

You can even draw it on paper.

Just separate tracks.

I haven't seen it, but I can imagine it.

Even the wave-particle duality of light cannot be drawn using conventional means.

But at least it's understandable.

There can be a rough and vague outline.

After all, whether it is wave or particle, it is a very common phenomenon.

Although their combination is a bit special, it is still understandable.

But now, things have changed.

The state and appearance of electron spin is unimaginable and indescribable.

This is unbelievable.

It was almost like seeing a ghost.

It’s like a person can lie down, stand, or sit, there is always some movement.

But now if this action is indescribable, then what kind of action is it?
Since it is an action, how can it not be described?

Even if you can't describe it, you can still draw it.

Hey, no.

You can neither describe nor draw it.

This is how everyone feels about Li Qiwei’s answer now.

It's outrageous fucking open the door to outrageous, outrageous home.

At this moment, Pauli no longer had the high spirits he had just now.

For the first time, an expression of endless shock appeared on his chubby little face.

It was an indescribable feeling.

After the speech in Germany, he thought he knew Professor Bruce well enough.

But now, he realized that this was just a drop in the bucket for that man.

He understood why the physics community called Professor Bruce "Great Professor Bruce."

No one else in the world would dare to think of such an incredible idea except him.

Although he didn't want to admit it, Pauli's intuition was giving him a crazy warning.

This is a completely new field and a prelude to another great theory.

"But, I am Pauli!"

His heart screamed wildly:

"I will never submit to authority when I pick someone up!"

"I want to get to the bottom of this!"

Wow!
Pauli's eyes were sharp, and he asked for the third time:
"Professor Bruce, your theory is too absurd."

"I admit that if I accept your point of view, it can explain my doubts."

"But I still have to ask, how do you prove it is right?"

"Can you give me a reason?"

As soon as Pauli finished asking, everyone looked up at the two of them at the same time.

The excitement of this conference has exceeded everyone's imagination.

And Pauli's bravery once again left an indelible impression on everyone.

He is the whip of God, and he dares to whip God!

In response to Pauli's questioning, Li Qiwei laughed out loud.

"Since you want it, I'll give it to you."

"because."

As soon as he opened his mouth, Li Qiwei suddenly stood up and took a step forward.

boom!
A domineering aura exploded!

At this moment, the heaven and earth lost their luster and surrendered at his feet.

The universe swirled and swirled, suspended in his palm.

Under the horrified gaze of everyone.

Faintly, the truth emerges!
(End of this chapter)