1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 463: The fourth quantum number is announced! Electron spin! Atomic structure and the solar system! The audience is shocked!

1921 6 Month 11 Day.

Quantum Research Institute, in the large conference room on the second floor.

The quantum theory seminar is about to begin.

The influx of seventy or eighty people made the conference room a bit crowded.

But this does not affect everyone's excitement and expectations at all.

The big guys sat in the front, and the students followed behind them, sitting or standing, looking very casual.

This is completely different from the usual formal meeting style.

Li Qiwei stood in front and started:

"It has been twenty-one years since the invention of quantum theory in 1900."

"It has also evolved from a simple quantum concept to the current quantum model."

"Using quantum models, we can explain many previously unsolved mysteries."

"Periodic table, changes in the chemical properties of elements, atomic spectra."

"In addition to these major directions, there are also some sub-sectors."

“For example, Professor Einstein used quantum concepts to explain specific heat capacity.”

"Professor Ehrenfest applied quantum models to thermodynamics."

"and many more."

"There is no doubt that quantum theory has achieved remarkable results."

"However, everyone here should know that this is far from the limit of quantum theory."

“There are always some new theories popping up.”

"For example, the incompatibility principle discovered by Pauli is an important supplement to quantum theory."

When Pauli heard Professor Bruce mention his name, he immediately straightened his collar and looked confident.

His mentor, Professor Sommerfeld, was also there, so he behaved in a relatively low-key manner.

“So, I held today’s meeting and invited everyone here for a simple purpose.”

"We want to use this kind of brainstorming to use the wild imagination of young people like you to expand the boundaries of quantum theory."

“Therefore, don’t be afraid to make mistakes.”

"Yesterday a classmate told me that he was worried that his research might be wrong, so he didn't dare to share it."

“This is putting the cart before the horse.”

"Besides, if you guys don't make mistakes, then who am I supposed to teach you?"

Everyone burst into laughter, and the tension was instantly swept away.

Koronig looked around secretly, found that no one was paying attention to him, and then smiled awkwardly.

At this time, Li Qiwei continued:
"Let's change the order of today's meeting."

“Students share their research first, and then we, the mentors, share.”

"I have a growing feeling that quantum theory will flourish in the hands of young people like you."

“I have to learn from you.”

Wow!
Many students present stood in awe.

Even someone as powerful as Professor Bruce actually learned from them.

This is simply unbelievable to everyone.

They felt Professor Bruce's awe for academics.

In today's meeting, there was only academic exchange on an equal footing, without any gap in status.

The first to take the stage were Rutherford's students.

The Cavendish Laboratory is not only a leader in the field of atomic structure, but has also achieved remarkable results in the field of quantum theory.

Because the material basis of quantum theory is atomic research.

However, Dirac did not take the stage. He had not yet officially started his physics research and was still an undergraduate student.

Rutherford wanted to bring him to today's meeting to broaden his horizons.

Because Dirac had confided to Rutherford that he wanted to engage in research on quantum theory.

Rutherford strongly agreed with this.

He believed that this young man would achieve great things.

At this moment, the big guys in the front row all looked very calm.

In their opinion, the students' research is still relatively immature.

But in the eyes of other students, Rutherford's students are still worth learning from.

The content of the speech is logically rigorous and the data is accurate, and it is obvious that the speaker has received very formal training.

However, Pauli looked sleepy and seemed to have no interest.

He felt that the research content of these people was too low-end.

However, although he was high-profile, he was not stupid and did not say it to her face.

Instead, he began to observe everyone in the room.

When he saw Koronig's energetic expression, he was very shocked.

"what's the situation?"

"Does that guy still treat his own trash as if it were a treasure?"

Pauli felt that the other party must be insane.

Then he looked at Gudsmith.

The latter also discovered Pauli, and the two looked at each other.

The Dragon King Gudsmit smiled and showed a provocative expression.

Instead of being angry, Pauli became interested.

"Hey hey!"

"That Dutch scumbag dares to be so arrogant?"

"I got the last question of the Physics Olympiad wrong by a huge margin."

"I just don't believe he can produce any good research."

"I'll appreciate it later."

Pauli decided that he would teach the other party a lesson when the time comes.

Professor Bruce also said just now that everyone is encouraged to ask questions.

This plays into his hands.

So Pauli began to cheer up and waited for Gudschmidt to come on stage.

As the meeting progressed, students took turns to come on stage and the atmosphere gradually became heated.

Everyone actively raised various questions and discussed them, which deepened their understanding of quantum theory.

The sharp questions occasionally raised by the bigwigs left the students who were giving the speeches speechless and at a loss.

At this moment, they deeply realized how difficult the road of physical research is.

They thought they had done well enough, but in the eyes of the big guys, there were still many loopholes.

Even Li Qiwei commented:
“You can’t always do the same or similar when doing research.”

"Otherwise, when you do discover a new theory, you'll miss it because it's almost there."

Many students agreed with this and nodded frequently.

The big guys in the front row smiled at each other. It seemed that there would be no unexpected surprises today.

It turns out that not everyone can become as famous as Pauli.

However, the big guys will not look down on everyone because of this.

They still uphold rigorous academic qualities and analyze research problems for students.

At this time, it was finally Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit's turn to take the stage.

They are both very excited now.

The two looked at each other, their eyes full of confidence and heroism.

After today, maybe the future will be different.

The two walked to the front together, but the speaker was Uhlenbeck.

Goodsmith stood beside him as a supplementary answerer.

Uhlenbeck looked at everyone with excitement on his face.

Then he glanced at the big guys in the front row, and finally fixed his eyes on Ehrenfest.

This made the latter's face change, and he felt that something big was about to happen.

"Could it be that these two little guys really discovered the fourth quantum number?"

"impossible."

Ehrenfest's heart suddenly began to beat, as if he was looking forward to that scene.

Pauli smiled when he saw how arrogant Gudsmith was.

"It seems like there really is a surprise today."

Soon, Uhlenbeck was ready to speak, and his first words were earth-shattering.

"What we're going to share today is about the fourth quantum number."

"The research was done jointly by Gudsmit and I."

"If nothing goes wrong, we should have found the fourth quantum number."

boom!
The voice just fell.

Everyone was shocked beyond belief.

Especially students like Uhlenbeck, they couldn't believe their ears.

"Oh my God! The fourth quantum number has been discovered?" "This world is crazy!"

"Then the content I shared earlier would instantly become trash."

"."

The students were all shocked.

Each person saw a range of emotions in the other's eyes.

Envy, surprise, disappointment.
When Pauli heard this, his sharp eyes flashed with brilliance.

He stared closely at Uhlenbeck, then at Gudsmit.

I wanted to find clues from their faces.

However, he only saw the provocation on the latter's face.

On an occasion like today, no one dares to attract attention.

Since Ugu and the other two are so confident, they must be absolutely sure.

But the fourth quantum number is not so easy to discover.

Pauli smiled coolly.

"It's a bit interesting."

"I want to see what the fourth quantum number you discovered is?"

At this moment, even the big guys in the front row were shocked.

The problem of the fourth quantum number has plagued quantum theory for more than ten years.

No trace of it has ever been found.

But today, two young people who have not yet graduated from college announced loudly that they have discovered the fourth quantum number.

Everyone looked towards Ehrenfest for confirmation.

However, he just spread his hands innocently.

"I just know that the two of them have been studying this issue recently."

“But I don’t know the specific situation.”

The bosses perked up instantly.

Will there really be a surprise today?
At this moment, the most shocked person on the scene was undoubtedly Kronig.

He seemed to have heard the most horrible and incredible thing.

"Someone has discovered the fourth quantum number?"

"Are you spinning like me?"

"Isn't that right?"

Kronig's whole body was shaking.

He now feels a little regretful as to why he chose to go on stage at the end.

If Pauli was wrong, electron spin was right.

Then he would miss out on the supreme honor of being the first to announce the discovery of the fourth quantum number.

This made Koronig's heart bleed.

However, he then thought about it.

If he hadn't shown it to Pauli in advance, others might have thought he was imitating Ugu and the other two.

It's a blessing in disguise.

Kronig's mind is in a mess now.

Things were beyond his control.

The only thing he could do now was to wait quietly.

Uhlenbeck looked at the expressions of everyone in the audience and felt an indescribable sense of satisfaction in his heart.

However, when his eyes met Professor Bruce's, he was suddenly startled.

What kind of eyes are those?

Remote and profound, high above, dominating the world, overlooking the common people.

Even hearing the fourth quantum number did not cause the eyes to be moved in the slightest.

The moment Uhlenbeck looked into each other's eyes, he calmed down.

"The light from a star explosion is nothing more than a faint candlelight in the endless darkness of the universe."

"What does my little achievement mean to Professor Bruce?"

"Besides, it hasn't been proven yet."

At this moment, under the influence of Li Qiwei's momentum, Uhlenbeck grew rapidly.

He restrained his high tone and arrogance and said confidently:
"According to the research findings of Gudsmith and I."

"We think the fourth quantum number should be the spin of the electron."

“Professor Bruce predicted at a previous conference that the fourth quantum number should be a property of the electron itself and should be binary.”

"And electron spin fits this bill perfectly."

“As shown in the picture.”

"When the spin quantum number is [+1/2], it means that the electron is spinning upward, or counterclockwise."

"When the spin quantum number is [-1/2], it means that the electron is spinning downward, or clockwise."

"Please note that the number 1/2 is not something we made up, but is calculated through theoretical deduction."

“The process is as follows:”

"."

"Based on electron spin, we can perfectly explain the anomalous Zeeman effect."

"Thus, the last remaining problem in atomic spectroscopy has been solved."

"In summary."

"The electron not only moves in a circular motion around the nucleus, it also rotates around its own axis."

"It's like the earth is moving around the sun while rotating on itself."

"From the atomic structure to the solar system, there is such a profound and similar connection between them."

“This makes me marvel at the magic of nature.”

Uhlenbeck was clearly well prepared.

The speech is not only well-reasoned but also logically rigorous.

Moreover, the sublimation at the end gives people endless reverie.

boom!
The room instantly became lively!

Everyone was stunned by the result.

"Oh my god! The fourth quantum number has actually been discovered."

"Electron spin? What a wild imagination it takes to come up with this!"

"Uhlenbeck and Gudsmit are too strong!"

"As expected, he is a person who has been on the genius list."

"The discovery of the fourth quantum number must be no worse than the exclusion principle."

All the students envied the chicken purple.

I can't wait to jump in and replace Uhlenbeck.

If their discovery is correct, they will become physicists in one step, just like Pauli.

At this moment, even the big guys in the front row could no longer remain calm.

Everyone's face was filled with surprise.

Bohr, in particular, was shocked beyond words.

He understood too well the significance of the fourth quantum number.

That is the last piece of the puzzle of quantum theory, representing the completeness of the system of quantum theory.

And now, Bohr finally saw the dawn of victory.

His intuition told him that electron spin was the answer he was looking for.

Bohr felt an indescribable emotion.

Although the fourth quantum number was not discovered by him.

But quantum theory is his child, and he watches it thrive in front of him.

That feeling of happiness is intoxicating.

Ehrenfest rubbed his eyes, thinking he was still dreaming.

He felt he knew these two students very well.

But today he realized that he didn't know enough.

The two of them actually made such a big news without making any noise.

This made Ehrenfest feel proud.

The fourth quantum number!

That is the achievement that countless people dream of.

Is it true that another miracle will happen today?

But soon, he began to calm down like the other big guys.

They want to analyze the correctness of electron spin.

At this moment, the people with the most extreme emotions on the field were undoubtedly Kronig and Pauli.

However, one is extremely regretful, while the other is extremely ridiculed.

(End of this chapter)