1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 281 The first challenger, the third way of electron transition!
The experimental results of G. Hertz and Frank became another strong evidence for the Bohr model.

Moreover, it is of great reference value for the study of electron collision.

When electrons bombard atoms, they not only emit X-rays, but also ultraviolet rays.

Even further, as long as the electron's energy is right and the atom is the right type, physicists can bombard it with many different wavelengths of light.

But no one has been able to produce gamma rays yet, which makes everyone feel very strange.

Because gamma rays were proved by Rutherford to be a kind of electromagnetic wave.

Before everyone could think about it, another person came on stage at Li Qiwei's signal.

He was Rutherford's assistant, Moseley.

He is also a physics lecturer.

Watching the other party walk up to the podium, Rutherford smiled slightly.

This achievement was achieved under his guidance.

Compared to G. Hertz, Moseley is relatively calm.

After all, his team at Rutherford was a world-class physics team, and they had naturally seen big scenes.

"Hi everyone, my research is about X-rays."

"According to the derivation of the Bohr model, if metal atoms are bombarded with electrons, as long as the energy is sufficient, the atoms can release X-rays."

"And because different metal elements have different energy level differences, the wavelengths of the X-rays they produce are also different."

“I verified this theory experimentally.”

"Please look at the data."

Moseley showed dozens of metal atoms from his experiment, each of which emitted X-rays of a specific wavelength.

He also calculated the nuclear charge numbers of the corresponding atoms, and the results were consistent with the actual results.

Caused a burst of exclamation.

Lauer and Sodi seemed the most excited.

They were amazed by Moseley's experiment.

The others present were also extremely shocked.

Because Moseley's results perfectly proved the correctness of Bohr's model.

It can be said that his and G. Hertz's experiments have made most people present no longer have any doubts about the Bohr model and quantum theory.

Theory and experiment agree so well!
It's as perfect as Maxwell's equations.

Everyone thought it was over, but Mosley wasn't done yet.

What he said next drove the venue crazy.

"Also, we can deduce a phenomenon based on the wavelength of the X-rays."

"That is, in the periodic table, the X-ray wavelengths of two adjacent elements are very close."

"Because there's only one nuclear charge difference between them."

"If the wavelengths are very different, then there are unknown elements between them."

"So, using this property, I sorted out combinations of adjacent elements whose X-rays differed too much."

"I predicted that there should be new elements at positions 42, 43, 72, and 75 in the periodic table that have not yet been discovered."

"In other words, this is a viable way to search for new elements."

"Of course, this is not 100% successful. Some atoms have very strange X-rays."

"Finally, this method was proposed by Professor Rutherford, and I verified it."

Mosley had just finished speaking.

boom!
There was an uproar in the venue.

Moseley's research results are really unbelievable.

I actually found a feasible theory to discover new elements.

Sodhi stared at the contents on the screen.

"Oh my God, this is another victory of physics over chemistry."

“Physical theories and methods can guide chemists in discovering new elements.”

"This is simply like a fantasy."

"Before this, chemists discovered new elements by chance or by sheer luck."

“The world of chemistry is about to change again.”

There are also many chemists here today, and they feel the same as Soddy.

The physicist's thighs are really too thick, I have to hold them tightly from now on.

If chemists were excited about Moseley's results, physicists were simply shocked.

No one expected that the Bohr model not only explained the nature of X-rays, but also gave birth to a new method of searching for elements.

This was an unexpected surprise.

At this moment, everyone's attitude towards the Bohr model has completely changed.

They not only agree, but also dig deeper and expand, perhaps they can discover such amazing results like Moseley.

"Professor Rutherford is indeed the physicist who is most like a chemist."

“His work can be completely classified as part of the field of chemistry.”

"It seems that the Nobel Prize was not awarded in error. He really deserves the Nobel Prize in Chemistry."

When Rutherford in the audience heard these discussions, his face turned dark instantly.

I cried out in my heart: I don’t want to be a chemist! I am a pure physicist!
Soon, applause broke out in the conference hall, and everyone was very impressed with Moseley's experiment.

When Bohr saw this scene, he felt that the heavy stone in his heart had finally fallen to the ground.

Before the meeting, he didn't know about this session.

I am also preparing for questions from the big guys.

He didn't expect that Professor Bruce would give him such a surprise.

Bohr would never believe that the other party had randomly assigned this person.

Both of these examples provide strong support for the Bohr model.

It can be said that with them, Bohr was more confident in answering the following questions.

Because at least his theory can solve so many practical problems.

Those problems that cannot be solved for the time being cannot prove that the theory is wrong. At most, they need to be improved.

There is a big difference between mistakes and perfection.

Maxwell's equations have been refined to their present concise form.

At this time, Li Qiwei spoke as the host.

“What a wonderful experiment and idea.”

"Moseley, you do a beautiful job."

Hearing Li Qiwei's praise, no matter how calm Mosley was, he couldn't help but get excited.

That’s the famous Professor Bruce, who never praises people easily.

Anyone who is praised is either a genius or still a genius.

Mosley suddenly felt as sweet as if he had eaten honey.

Although his results were destined not to win the Nobel Prize, because it was an experiment based on Bohr's model theory and did not propose anything new.

G. Hertz and Frank won the Nobel Prize not because of mercury atoms and ultraviolet rays, but because they discovered the law of electron collision.

But this still cannot conceal the importance of this work.

Moseley himself would also become famous because of this.

"Thank you for the opportunity, Professor Bruce."

Soon, Mosley walked down from the podium amid everyone's amazement.

The successive appearances of two young researchers on stage made those present very satisfied with Li Qiwei's arrangements.

Because both groups’ experiments were very, very exciting.

It reflects the research charm of modern physics.

It also proves that quantum theory, as a brand-new theory, has sufficient theoretical and application value.

It is a theory worthy of further in-depth study.

Just when Li Qiwei was about to announce the end of this session and move on to the next question-and-answer session.

Suddenly, a man stood up.

Li Qiwei looked closely and found that it was Einstein.

Bohr's heart couldn't help but skip a beat.

This is no ordinary character.

Although due to the appearance of Ridgway, Einstein is not as invincible as in real history.

But he is still a top physicist.

He published two papers in succession, theoretically proving the existence of atoms;

Co-authored the special theory of relativity with Bruce;
Using quantum concepts to explain the specific heat of solids. It can be said that with these three achievements, Einstein is enough to make countless people unable to catch up.

The people in the audience were obviously also deeply impressed by Einstein.

The other person's keen intuition in physics is the quality a physicist most desires.

Now, everyone is puzzled by the purpose of Einstein's standing up.

"Did Einstein also make use of Bohr's model to achieve any results?"

"Oh my God, if this continues, today's meeting will soon become a Bohr fan meeting."

“Everyone came to cheer him on and support him.”

"But it doesn't look like Einstein is right, otherwise he must have told Bruce in advance. They have a very good personal relationship."

The awesome war correspondents have started a new round of speculation.

From celestial explosions to ant fights, their figures and explanations can be seen everywhere.

Whether it's relativity or quantum theory, I know them all.

At this time, Einstein smiled and said, "Bruce, I don't want to share the experimental results."

"I want to share a theoretical result with you."

"Of course, it is closely related to the Bohr model."

"I think there is something that needs to be added to the Bohr model."

Wow!
Einstein's words shocked the whole audience.

It turned out that he was not trying to support the Bohr model, but to point out its shortcomings.

Is what is coming finally coming?
The experiments of G. Hertz and Moseley fully proved the correctness of Bohr's model.

And now, the first challenger has finally appeared.

I didn’t expect it to be Einstein.

He is Bruce's good friend.

This kind of drama is so exciting.

"However, Einstein said it was a supplement. Does that mean he didn't think the Bohr model was wrong, but it just needed to be improved?"

"Einstein, like Bruce, is a pure theoretical physicist. They basically do not do experiments."

"From this perspective, it should be a supplement to the theory."

"I'm really looking forward to it. I don't see any need to modify the Bohr model."

"That's because you're not strong enough."

There was a lot of discussion in the audience.

Bohr on the stage began to feel a little nervous.

The shadow of a famous tree.

Einstein certainly wouldn't shoot without a purpose.

He must be very sure.

Li Qiwei looked at Einstein's calm and composed appearance and sighed in his heart.

Sure enough, he was like a torch in the darkness. Even though too much of his light had been borrowed by himself, he could still illuminate the way ahead.

Li Qiwei became more and more suspicious of Einstein's identity. Maybe he was just like himself, with a big ball of light in his head.

"Come on, Einstein, there are no limits for today's meeting."

"Anyone who has the courage can come up and report your research results."

“Let’s see if this conference can push quantum theory to its peak.”

boom!
Li Qiwei's words made everyone excited.

And the conference was just so wonderful.

It is completely different from the usual situation where one person is talking big while everyone else is dozing off.

Even Bruce, the host, didn't know where the meeting was going.

There was absolutely no rehearsal.

However, this caused great trouble for Karp and others.

Now they are all on tenterhooks.

Long before the meeting, the school had contacted Li Qiwei and asked if they wanted to rehearse the process.

Li Qiwei refused outright, saying that he was capable of controlling everything and asked everyone to rest assured.

The leaders of King's College did not dare to force this ancestor and had to do as he was told.

However, Garp has been in the audience, ready to provide support if anything unexpected happens.

He was worried that someone might cause trouble and disrupt the order of the meeting.

But fortunately, the people who have appeared on the stage so far are all well-known figures.

Under the gaze of everyone, Einstein quickly walked up to the podium and stood next to the projector used by the participants.

I saw him drawing skillfully on the board in front of him.

At the same time, everyone also saw the huge projected picture.

As Einstein drew the picture, he said, "In the Bohr model, transitions take two forms."

"The first is the transition of electrons from a low energy level to a high energy level."

"For example, electrons jump from the ground state to the excited state."

"Or a transition from a low-energy excited state to a high-energy excited state."

"In this process, the electrons need to absorb energy."

"The second is the transition of electrons from high energy levels to low energy levels."

"For example, electrons jump from an excited state to a ground state."

"Or a transition from a high-energy excited state to a low-energy excited state."

"In this process, electrons need to radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves."

"The above two processes are spontaneous behaviors of electrons."

At this point, everyone felt that it was normal, as Bohr's transition hypothesis had been deeply rooted in people's minds.

At this time, Einstein suddenly said loudly: "But I think there is a third way for electrons to jump."

Wow!
Everyone in the audience was shocked.

Even the big guys in the front row frowned slightly.

Bohr trembled even more violently.

"There is another way to jump?"

"how is this possible?"

"From high to low, from low to high, how can there be a third way?"

At this moment, everyone who knew about Bohr's model was puzzled.

"Could it be that Einstein was talking about a lateral jump? But that doesn't make sense."

"As expected of a theorist, he has so many ideas. I want to see if there are any other ways to jump."

Li Qiwei smiled slightly.

He understood it instantly the moment Einstein mentioned the third way of transition.

This third method of transition is closely related to an important technology in later generations.

When everyone was almost shocked, Einstein continued:
"The third transition method requires the use of Professor Bruce's theory of photoelectric effect."

“That’s the light quantum hypothesis.”

boom!
This time, the whole venue was completely shocked.

I didn’t expect that Bohr’s atomic model was actually related to Bruce’s photoelectric effect.

In particular, the light quantum hypothesis has not yet been unanimously recognized by the physics community because it has not been experimentally verified.

Energy is quantized, which is easy to understand.

But light is a continuous electromagnetic wave, so how can it be quantum?
However, the use of the concept of light quanta can indeed perfectly explain the photoelectric effect.

This is a headache for physicists.

So everyone’s current attitude is neither completely agreeing nor completely opposing.

Let's wait and see if there are any powerful experiments to verify it later.

Bohr's interest at this moment even exceeded his nervousness.

Bohr felt very surprised that his theory was related to his mentor's theory.

It was as if there was an invisible thread connecting him and his mentor.

He looked at Professor Bruce, whose face was expressionless.

Bohr sighed: Oh, this is the style of a master, I am still a little impetuous.

And Einstein didn't keep people guessing.

He started drawing again.

(End of this chapter)